1:
A
Solution: Rice fields are the source of various Greenhouse gases like Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Whereas the production of methane in flooded paddies is in abundance. Methane is produced as the terminal step of the anaerobic breakdown of organic matter in wetland rice soils by the presence of microorganisms.
2:
B
Solution: The estimated extent of salt-affected soils in India is 7.42 mha approximately and out of which 3 mha is saline and the rest is sodic soil. It is around 2.1% of the geographical area of the country, is salt affected. Around 2.347 mha of the salt-affected soils occur in the Indo-Gangetic plains of the country.
3:
B
Solution: Recovery efficiency is defined as the difference in nutrient uptake in above-ground parts of the plant between the fertilized and unfertilized crop relative to the number of nutrients applied. It can be calculated separately for each nutrient based on its uptake.
4:
B
Solution: Dr. M. S. Swaminathan is known as the father of the Green Revolution in India, and the term Evergreen Revolution was given by him only. He developed high-yielding varieties of wheat and later promoted sustainable development of agriculture in terms of the Evergreen Revolution.
5:
D
Solution: Amylopectin is a highly branched and high molecular weight macromolecule. It is a water-insoluble polysaccharide. It contains α-1, 4-glycosidic bonds between two glucose units in the straight chain and α-1, 6-glycosidic bonds at the branching points.
6:
A
Solution: Organic matter refers to organic components of soil, including small fresh plant residues and small living soil organisms, decomposing organic matter, and stable organic matter i.e. humus. Decomposition of organic matter in submerged soil is carried out by Bacteria and releases different products like carbon dioxide, energy, water, plant nutrients and resynthesized organic carbon compounds.
7:
A
Solution: Pulses fit well in all of the cropping systems as they are short duration crops. Different cropping systems are Mono Cropping, Crop Rotation, sequential Cropping, Inter Cropping and Relay Cropping. And in all of these systems pulses and legumes fits well. One more thing about pulses is that they belong to the legume family and it restores the nutrient content of the soil.
8:
C
Solution: Berseem is an annual clover that belongs to the legume family, cultivated mostly in irrigated sub-tropical regions. Berseem is generally frost-sensitive, used mostly as fodder and cover crop. The optimum seed rate for berseem should be 25 - 30 kg/ha.
9:
B
Solution: Cane setts or the planting material of sugarcane are obtained from both the middle and top portions. But top of the stalk is preferred by the local farmers as planting material because the bud tissues are rich in glucose, moisture and growth regulating substances. Moreover, the monetary value of the middle and bottom parts of the cane is higher in comparison to the top part.
10:
B
Solution: The seeds of tobacco are very small. It is advised to start growing it indoors, it is grown in dark during the whole post-anthesis period which is why the seeds are also known as photolytic seeds as the presence of light may cause changes in the physiological process. Seeds maturity and integrity are essential requirements for germination, i.e. nutrient availability and correct phytohormones balance.
11:
D
Solution: The first agriculture university of India is located at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The name of the university is G. B. Pant University of Agriculture. It was inaugurated by Jawahar Lal Nehru on 17 th November 1960 as the “Uttar Pradesh Agricultural University”. The university is regarded as the Harbinger of the Green Revolution in India. The campus at Pantnagar is spread over an area of 12,661 acre which makes it the second largest university in the world.
12:
A
Solution: Total organic carbon is the measure of carbon found in an organic compound and is often used as a non-specific indicator of water quality and also the amount of organic carbon in the soil. A typical analysis for total carbon measures both the total organic carbon present and the complementing total inorganic carbon.
13:
C
Solution: The spreading or trailing type of Groundnut includes Arachis hypogea subspecies procumbens, long duration of 110 - 120 days, late maturity, high yielding ability, and have dormancy of around 60% - 75%, and low percent of germination. Therefore, spreading varieties of groundnut are preferred in areas receiving late rains in the Kharif season, because of the Dormancy in the seed.
14:
D
Solution: Test weight refers to the average weight of cereal as measured in pounds per bushel. It is an important predictor of milling yield for Rice and flour extraction rate for wheat. The test weight of Basmati rice is 21 g.
15:
D
Solution: Bunchy top disease in sugarcane is caused by Top shoot borer. Top shoot borer is a pest that damages the cane crop by making holes in emerging leaves, boreholes at the top of the shoot, and dead heart when formed is reddish brown, appears charred, and cannot be easily pulled out. Hence, in tillering phase of the crop, the attacked shoots die, and side shoots develop producing a bunchy top appearance .
16:
D
Solution: PPM stands for parts per million. It is equivalent to the absolute fractional amount multiplied by one million. This measurement is the mass of a chemical or contamination per unit volume of water. 0.1% = 1,000 ppm 1% = 10,000 ppm.
17:
A
Solution: The rice-wheat cropping system is India’s most widely adopted cropping system practiced on an estimated area of around 26 million hectares predominantly in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, West Bengal, etc. In the rice-wheat cropping system, potassium should be applied to Rice only, as a lack of balanced availability of nutrients is there in submerged rice cultivation.
18:
C
Solution: The Tetrazoline test is commonly known as the TZ test and is performed to measure the viability of seeds. It furnishes quick estimates of the germination capability of the seed. Hence it is very useful in processing, handling, storing, and marketing seeds.
19:
A
Solution: Potato is a starchy tuber of the plant Solanum tuberosum and is the root vegetable native to the Americas. The plant is perennial and belongs to the nightshade family Solanaceae. The cultivation of potatoes requires cold and hard winters that kill pests and summers with long sunshine hours for optimum growth. The soil type required for the cultivation of potatoes is Sandy loam soils .
20:
B
Solution: 2, 4 DB or 4-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid is a selective systemic phenoxy herbicide used to control many annual and perennial broad leaf weeds. 2, 4 D is 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is a systemic herbicide that kills most broadleaf weeds by causing uncontrolled growth in the weeds. 2, 4 DB cannot be metabolized into 2, 4 D in legumes. Whereas 2, 4 DB is metabolized to 2, 4 D in sensitive species as it is a herbicide. Some legumes that are sensitive to 2, 4 D are tolerant to 2, 4 DB because they lack the β oxidation activity required to activate it.
21:
C
Solution: Selman Abraham Waksman , the microbiologist, was born in the rural Ukrainian town of Novaya Priluka. He discovered streptomycin and used the word antibiotic for the first time in 1943. An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. They are the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections. They either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
22:
A
Solution: The Pod borer is the most dangerous pest of chickpeas, causing heavy damage to the crop. This pest has been reported to cause 50% - 60% damage to chickpea pods. It is estimated that pod borer destroys about 21% of total chickpea production each year. Using resistant varieties and implementing good agronomic practices can help to manage pod borer.
23:
C
Solution: Relay cropping is a method of multiple cropping where one crop is seeded into a standing second crop well before the harvest of the second crop. e.g., sowing pulses in a rice crop before harvest. Intercropping is growing two or more crops nearby. e.g., wheat after rice. Multi-tier cropping is the pattern of growing two or more crops of different heights simultaneously on a piece of land. EG: coconut + pepper + pineapple + grass. Sole cropping is the growing of a single type of crop on a piece of land. Eg: potato.
24:
C
Solution: Soil acidity is something that is neutralized by lime or a buffered salt solution to raise the pH to a specified value (usually 7.0 or 8.0) but which cannot be replaced by an unbuffered salt solution. It can be calculated by the subtraction of salt replaceable acidity from total acidity. Maximum residual acidity is associated with the continuous soil application of ammonium sulphate.
25:
A
Solution: Madhya Pradesh can be divided into 11 agro-climatic zones. Malwa plateau, Chattisgarh plains, Chattisgarh's northern hills region, Kymore Plateau & Satpura Hills, Central Narmada Valley, Vindhya Plateau, Grid region, Bundelkhand, Satpura plateau, Nimar plains and Jhabua Hills are among them. It includes an area of the western plateau and a hill zone.
26:
D
Solution: Ganga safed-2 of maize is one of the popular varieties and is a double top cross hybrid . This variety is suitable for the sub-tropical of Jammu Division, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar and it matures in 95 - 100 days. This variety thrives in crop rotation with wheat, potato, mustard and other crops. grains are of medium size, white in colour and medium-maturing hybrid. It is also resistant to foliar diseases such as bacterial stalk rot.
27:
A
Solution: Dhurrin is a cyanogenic glycoside produced in many plants. It is the active principle causing sorghum poisoning in many of its varieties in 1906 as the culprit of cattle poisoning by hydrogen cyanide. In hot and dry conditions, these plants become stressed, causing them to accumulate these toxins. Dhurrin’s name is derived from the Arabic word for sorghum, transliterated to "Dhura".
28:
C
Solution: The most concentrated fertilizer used for nutrient supply is anhydrous ammonia. Ammonia (NH 3 ) in anhydrous form, that is without water, is an efficient and widely used source of nitrogen fertilizer. It has the highest content of nitrogen at 82%. Under atmospheric temperature and pressure, it is a colourless gas with a sharp and penetrating odor. It is easily accessible to farmers and simple to implement. However, it can be dangerous if not handled properly.
29:
A
Solution: Gross domestic product (GDP) is the standard measure of the value added created by a country's production of goods and services over a given fiscal period. The share of agriculture in GDP is approximately 15%. Agriculture and allied sectors like animal husbandry, forestry, and fishing accounted for 15.4% of the GDP with 41.49% of the workforce in 2020. India ranks first in the world with the highest net cropped area, followed by the US and China.
30:
C
Solution: The term "agronomy" is derived from the Greek words "agros" meaning "field" and "nomos" meaning "management." It is something dealing with managing crops grown in a field with the application of techniques. It is a branch of agriculture that deals with field crop production and soil management.
31:
A
Solution: Boro or dalua is the name of the sowing season of Assam and Orrisa respectively. And in actual it is the sowing time of summer rice is November - December and the harvesting time is March to June. The same season is named Punja in Kerala, Navarai in Tamil Nadu and Garma in Bihar.
32:
C
Solution: Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily Betaideae of the family Amaranthaceae. Amaranthaceae family includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making it the most species-rich lineage within its parent order. It is an herbaceous biennial or perennial plant, with edible roots which are strongly swollen and fleshly, and fibrous. It is believed to be originated in the Mediterranean region and prospered along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
33:
C
Solution: A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes the skeleton in most vertebrates. It protects the various organs of our body. Bones consist of living cells embedded in a mineralized organic matrix. The primary inorganic component of Human bone is hydroxyapatite, the dominant bone material, having the nominal composition of calcium ( Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ).
34:
B
Solution: Tissue culture is a method of biological research in which fragments of tissue from an animal or plant are transferred to an artificial environment in which they can continue to survive and function. Gottlieb Haberlandt is known as the father of Tissue culture.
35:
D
Solution: Daidzein is a naturally occurring compound and structurally belongs to a class of compounds known as isoflavones. Daidzein and Genistein are in abundance in legumes, especially in soybeans and soy-based food and products. It is also present in many other vegetables, fruits, nuts, peas, lentils and seeds.
36:
A
Solution: CAZRI stands for Central Arid Zone Research Institute and was established in 1959 in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. It is an autonomous organization working under the aegis of DARE. It is the first institute in the world exclusively devoted to arid zone research and development.
37:
C
Solution: Maize-Potato-wheat-Green gram is an example of Relay cropping. Relay cropping is a method of multiple cropping where one crop is seeded into a standing second crop well before harvesting the second crop. This practice helps in the Reduction of nitrate leaching from soils.
38:
C
Solution: VRA is Variable Rate application in precision agriculture is an area of technology that focuses on the automated application of materials to a given landscape. VRT is Variable Rate Technology is a tool that allows farmers to apply fertilizer, water, chemicals and seed at different rates across a field. Thus, VRT and VRA are related to Precision Farming.
39:
D
Solution: Dr. R. S. Paroda is a Scientist and worked as Director General of ICAR from Ajmer, Rajasthan. He received a Padma Bhusan Award in 1998. He also received Norman Borlaug Award on 5 th January 2006 from Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. Currently, he is serving as Chairman of the Trust for Advancement of Agricultural Sciences (TAAS) and as Chairman of the Haryana Farmers Commission.
40:
B
Solution: Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily Betaideae of the family Amaranthaceae. It is a herbaceous biennial or perennial plant, with edible roots which are strongly swollen and fleshly, and fibrous. For an ideal plant population, the seed rate of sugar beet should be 8 - 10 kg/ha.
41:
B
Solution: Earth's perihelion means it is at the closest point to the sun in the path of its orbit. Perihelion and Aphelion describe the closest and farthest distance of the earth to the sun. Perihelion is about two weeks after the December solstice while aphelion is about two weeks after the June solstice.
42:
D
Solution: Khaira disease is associated with paddy. It is micro nutritional deficiency disease characterized by the presence of dusty brown patches on leaves which ultimately undergo necrosis. It affects the leaf of the plant because of which the rate of photosynthesis is decreased ultimately affecting the production. The essential nutrient responsible for khaira disease in rice is Zinc.
43:
D
Solution: The semi-dwarfing gene sd-1 is identified in the Chinese variety DGWG (Dee-Geo-Woo-Gen) and is one of the most important genes deployed in modern rice breeding. IR-8 is a high-yielding semi-dwarf rice variety developed by the IRRI (International Rice Research Institute) in 1960.
44:
A
Solution: The leaf area meter determines the plant canopy of field crops. A psychrometer can be used to find relative humidity, it is computed by multiplying the amount of moisture in the air at a given temperature, dividing by the maximum amount of moisture the air could contain at that same temperature and then multiplying the quotient by 100. The pressure plate is the instrument to measure soil water retention. Irrometer is a meter that senses and provides a direct measurement of soil water tension.
45:
C
Solution: Aruna is the mutant variety of castor, which is officially approved in 1969. It was developed by treatment of seeds with thermal neutrons to induce very early maturity i.e. 120 days instead of 270 days.
46:
C
Solution: Sprouting is the natural process or the first step in the seed germination process. When mungbeans are allowed to sprout, vitamin C is synthesized. Mungbeans are considered to be very healthy because it is low in calories, fibre rich, and have ample vitamins like B, C and K along with various elements.
47:
B
Solution: USLE stands for Universal Soil Loss Equation , which is a powerful tool that is widely used by soil conservationists. It was developed by W. H. Wischmeier. It predicts the annual soil loss per unit area. A = R × K × L × S × C × P Where R = rainfall factor K = soil erodibility factor L = slope length factor S = slope gradient factor C = cropping management factor P = Erosion control management factor
48:
D
Solution: Irrigation is one of the most important factors which affect the production of the crop. In irrigation also some parameters to be followed for maximum yield. The most critical stages for irrigation of sugarcane are the formative or vegetative period i.e. tillering or stem elongation stage.
49:
A
Solution: The scientific name of noble cane is Saccharum officinarum . It represents the highest development of the cane species with thick barrel shaped interned, large soft rinded juicy stalks and the most important high sugar content.
50:
C
Solution: For treating seeds to make them free from insects and pests along with high yielding, the treatment should be followed in a sequence i.e. first it should be treated with a good fungicide, then insecticide followed by rhizobium treatment for nitrogen fixation.
51:
C
Solution: The scientific name of berseem is Trifolium alexandrinum . It is annual clover cultivated mostly in irrigated subtropical regions and used as a leguminous crop. Berseem is generally frost-sensitive. It can be used as forage, green manure as well as a cover crop.
52:
A
Solution: The Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IARS) was renamed on 2 nd July 1959 and is located in New Delhi. This institute is located on the campus of IARI, PUSA in New Delhi. Its motive is to develop new techniques for the design of agricultural experiments as well as to analyze data in agriculture.
53:
B
Solution: Based on cultivation the groundnut is divided into two classes, the erect and the other one is spreading types. The erect is originated from Arachis hypogea subspecies fastigiata whereas the trailing or spreading type of groundnut includes Arachis hypogea subspecies procumbens .
54:
C
Solution: Water use efficiency is the ratio of water used in plant metabolism to water lost by the plant through transpiration. Water use efficiency (WUE) is a measure of the amount of biomass produced per unit of water used by a plant. It is based on the concept introduced 100 years ago by Briggs and Shantz in 1913 showing a relationship between plant productivity and water use. WUE is highest for the Finger millet (F. millet) as it adapted to hot and semi-arid conditions. It can withstand cultivation at altitudes over 2000 m above sea level, because of its high drought tolerance and the long storage time of the grains.
55:
D
Solution: Nitrogen is applied to transplanted rice in the proportion of 50% at basal + 25% at tillering + 25% panicle emergence stage. Nitrogen is an essential plant nutrient required by rice at every stage of development. It promotes rapid growth and improves grain yield and grain quality through higher tillering, leaf area development grain formation, grain filling, and protein synthesis.
56:
A
Solution: Shifting agriculture is an agriculture practice in which a piece of land is cultivated temporarily, then abandoned while post disturbance fallow vegetation is allowed to freely grow. The land is cleared by the slash and burn method. This method is also known as "Jhum kheti”. The area under shifting cultivation is around 5 million hectares. It is largely practiced in hilly areas and the northeastern region of India.
57:
C
Solution: The process of replacement of one atom with another atom of similar size, in a crystal lattice of a soil clay without disrupting or changing the crystal structure of the mineral, is termed Isomorphic substitution . It can also be referred to as the process where one structural cation is replaced by another of similar size and this kind of replacement signifies the primary cause of both negative and positive charges in clay minerals.
58:
B
Solution: Sugarcane is a tall, stout, jointed, fibrous stalks, perennial grass that is used for sugar production as it is rich in sucrose. The stems grow into cane stalk, which when mature, constitutes around 75% of the entire plant. Hardening in the sugarcane plant occurs when there is an increase in its sugar content. A mature stalk is typically composed of 11% - 16% fiber, 12% - 16% soluble sugars, 2% - 3% non-sugar carbohydrates and 63% - 73% of water.
59:
D
Solution: Our atmosphere is the blanket of gases and air that surrounds our Earth. Based on temperature, the layers of the atmosphere are divided into four major layers. These are the troposphere (17°C - -51°C), the stratosphere (-3°C), the mesosphere (-85°C) and the thermosphere (up to 4,500 degrees Fahrenheit).
60:
A
Solution: The agricultural land area of India is divided into 15 agro-climatic zones and further divided into 72 more sub-divisions. It is based on soil type, climates, rainfall, etc. These are: 1. Western Himalayan division 2. Eastern Himalayan division 3. Lower Gangetic plain region 4. Middle Gangetic plain region 5. Upper Gangetic plain region 6. Trans-Gangetic plain region 7. Eastern plateau and hill region 8. Central plateau and hill region 9. Western plateau and hill region 10. Southern plateau and hill region 11. East coast plain and hill region 12. West coast plain and hill region 13. Gujarat plain and hill region 14. Western plain and hill region 15. Island region
61:
C
Solution: The fields of Sugarcane require the highest amount of water, the yield is good when water is available in excess amount all the time, especially at the crucial stages of irrigation.
62:
B
Solution: Khaira disease is associated with paddy. It is a micro nutritional deficiency disease characterized by the presence of dusty brown patches on leaves which ultimately undergo necrosis. It affects the leaf of the plant because of which the rate of photosynthesis is decreased ultimately affecting the production. The essential nutrient responsible for khaira disease in rice is Zinc.
63:
B
Solution: The most critical stage of maize from an irrigation point of view is the tasseling stage . This stage takes place when the plant reaches its full height and begins to shed its pollen. While early vegetative and skilling stages are also critical stages of irrigation in maize cultivation.
64:
A
Solution: Tikka is the deadly disease of groundnut. It is caused by a pathogenic fungus, Cercospora personata (Deuteromycetes). It is a disease that is affecting the production of groundnut worldwide. It is carried to plants through plant debris or the seed. All parts of the host plant above the soil are attacked by the fungus.
65:
B
Solution: Napier grass or elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) is a perennial grass introduced to India in 1912 from South Africa. It is a bunch of tall grass that grows in dense clumps of up to 10 feet tall. It is considered socio-economically important and grown as fodder in most of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
66:
D
Solution: SSP is Single Super Phosphate was the first commercial mineral fertilizer and is water soluble. It is the most popular phosphatic fertilizer after DAP and it contains Phosphorus as P 2 O 5 16%, Sulphur 12% and calcium 21% along with traces of many other micro-nutrient.
67:
B
Solution: Contingent cropping means growing crops to protect against weather conditions. When the crop of a season is failed because of climatic and rainfall conditions, another crop is cultivated to catch the forthcoming season.
68:
D
Solution: CIMMYT, the Spanish acronym stands for The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center officially established in 1971. It is a non-profit research and training organization with more than 400 partners in over 100 countries. Its main purpose is to develop improved varieties and sustainable farming techniques for wheat and maize for improving the livelihood of farmers of the whole world.
69:
D
Solution: CRIDA stands for Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture and is headquartered in Santoshnagar, Hyderabad. CAZRI is Central Arid Zone Research Institute headquartered in Jodhpur. NRC-WS stands for National Research Centre for Weed Science and is located at Adhartal, Jabalpur. NBPGR is the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources is located in New Delhi.
70:
D
Solution: Agriculture is the English word derived from the Latin term ager which means field and colo means to cultivate, by combining they form field to cultivate.
71:
D
Solution: Stem borer is one of the most common pests of rice. It can cause severe destruction to the field as it infects the central tiller of the plant leading to drying during the vegetative stage. In grown-up plants, whole ear heads become dried and yield chaffy grains which are also called "White Ear" . While in the vegetative stage larva enters the stem and feeds on the growing shoot and causes drying of the central shoot known as "dead heart” .
72:
D
Solution: As per many botanists, it is believed that the soybean was first domesticated in central China as early as 7000 BCE. It is a quite ancient crop, that was being cultivated in China, Japan, and Korea for thousands of years. Because of its rich nutrient value, it is widely used in the food industry as well medical sciences also.
73:
A
Solution: As groundnut belongs to the legume family, it is rich in protein and oil content. It is a very nutritious seed that includes 45% oil and 22 - 30% protein along with other minerals and vitamins.
74:
A
Solution: RGR is the Relative Growth Rate. NAR is the Net assimilation Rate. LAI is the Leaf area Index. Thus, the relative growth rate depends on both the net assimilation rate as well as leaf area index. Light falling on the leaf and absorbed depends on the availability per unit area further influencing the rate of photosynthesis and assimilation ultimately the growth rate of the plant.
75:
C
Solution: Sugarcane is the commercial crop of tropical countries and can be grown in both tropical as well as subtropical climate. While the best suited temperature for the growth of sugarcane is from 21° to 27° and annual rainfall is between 75 cm to 100 cm.
76:
B
Solution: Soil organic carbon is a measurable component of soil organic matter. Organic matter makes up just 2 - 10% of most soil's mass based on composition. While carbon is the main constituent of organic matter and it plays important role in enhancing the fertility, water retention capacity and texture of the soil. Approximately 0.51% of carbon in organic matter can be considered as medium availability.
77:
B
Solution: The optimum seed rate of castor plantations is approximately 18 - 20 kg/hectare for the desired population. Plant population and arrangement in the cropping system should be properly designed to maximize the seed yield of short height genotypes of castor.
78:
B
Solution: The Law of optima or the law of limiting factors has been proposed by Blackman in 1905. This law comes into effect when any biochemical process in any organism is affected by several factors. This law states that if a chemical process is affected by more than one factor, then its rate will be determined by the factor which is nearest to its minimal value.
79:
C
Solution: Topping and desuckering is a practice widely used on a tobacco plantation. The main aim of this practice is to divert the energy and nutrients from flowers to the leaves, to increase the leaf size and its quality because tobacco yield is dependent on leaf quality and quantity.
80:
C
Solution: Dolma is the husk with less variety of barley. This variety is quite suitable to be grown in rain-fed and hilly areas of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. It is fairly resistant to yellow rust. Its life cycle is 140 - 150 days.
81:
D
Solution: Bollworm is the insect of a cotton boll. It attacks the fruiting bodies of certain crops, especially cotton. The larva of the bollworm damages bolls and squares by chewing holes into the base of bolls.
82:
C
Solution: Internal Centre for Maize and Wheat Research (CIMMYT) is located in Mexico. It is non-profit research for a development organization that develops improved varieties of wheat and maize to contribute to food security and innovates agricultural practices to help boost production, prevent crop disease and improve smallholder farmer's livelihoods.
83:
C
Solution: Every year on 22 nd March, world water Day is celebrated since 1993. Its main motive is to raise awareness among people about the importance of fresh water. The day is used to advocate for the sustainable management of fresh water resources.
84:
D
Solution: The N fertilizer use efficiency in Rice can be increased by using S-coated urea as well as Urea super granules. Along with the application of specific fertilizers, water irrigation management, and molecular breeding are the factors for improving nitrogen efficiency in rice.
85:
D
Solution: ‘A’ value concept is given by Fried and Dean in 1952 . It is the phenomenon when a plant is confronted with two sources of a given nutrient, the plant will absorb from each of these in proportion to the respective amounts available.
86:
A
Solution: Porosity is the unoccupied space in the soil or the percent by volume of a soil sample that is unoccupied by the soil particles. Porosity is directly related to bulk density and particle density. If the bulk density of soil decreases, the total porosity of the soil increases, that is it is inversely proportional to each other.
87:
C
Solution: Xerophytes are such a group of plants, that are adapted to live in the Arid region, dry or physiologically dry habitat, like a salt march, saline soil or acid body. They have a specific mechanism within themselves to prevent water loss or to store available water. Example: Succulents like cacti, agave, etc have thick, fleshy stems or leaves to store water in them.
88:
B
Solution: Krishak Bharti magazine is published by Rajju Gujjar of CSA University of agriculture and Technology, Kanpur. It is a monthly magazine based on agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, and other cooperative farming skills for the farmers and to empower rural India.
89:
C
Solution: Diammonium phosphate (DAP) is the world's most widely used Phosphorus fertilizer which is the least hygroscopic among all the given options, which means it is less likely to absorb moisture from the air, whereas urea, Ammonium sulphate and CAN are more likely to absorb moisture from the air when left open.
90:
A
Solution: ICAR stands for Indian Council for Agricultural Research was established on 16 th July 1929 . It is an autonomous body responsible for coordinating agricultural education and research in India. Trilochan Mohapatra is the present Director of ICAR. The Union Minister of Agriculture serves as its president. And it reports to the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE).
91:
D
Solution: Blind tillage refers to hoeing before germination and tillage did after seedling or planting the crop either at the pre-emergence stage of the crop plants or while they are in the early stages of growth to save the plant from ant damage. Tillage in hoe farming is done by simple manual tools such as digging sticks or hoes.
92:
A
Solution: As per the studies, the maximum yield of mustard is obtained at a plant geometry of 45 × 20 cm. it shows a significantly higher growth yield. Mustard farming in India is the fourth-largest producer of mustard oil seed cultivation in the world. It contributes to about 28.6 total oilseeds production.
93:
C
Solution: Berseem, a succulent annual clover ( Trifolium alexandrium ) cultivated as a fodder plant and green-manure crop brought to India from Egypt in 1904. That is why it is also called Egyptian Clover . In India, it is prominently grown as fodder legumes in irrigated areas of Punjab, Delhi, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
94:
B
Solution: Prickly pear is a declared weed with a long life span under the weed management act. The biological control of this disastrous weed involved the intentional introduction of the cochineal insect, Dactylopius ceylonicus from Brazil in 1975 from Brazil.
95:
B
Solution: CPCRI is Central Plantation Crops Research Institute in Kasaragod, Kerala. CTCRI is Central Tuber Crops Research Institute located in Thiruvanthapuram, Kerala. IRRI is the International Rice Research Institute headquartered in the Philippines (Manila- a city in the Philippines) CAZRI is Central Arid Zone Research Institute located in Jodhpur.
96:
B
Solution: NPOP is National Programme for Organic Production, where O stands for Organic. This is the program's focus to provide a well-focused and well-directed standard to produce organic food products, developed & implemented by the ministries of industries and commerce, Government of India.
97:
D
Solution: Carbohydrates, as we know, are the energy giving food hence in animals after the process of digestion Glucose is produced and is transported to all body parts, while in plants by the process of photosynthesis Sucrose is produced and is thus transported to all parts of plants.
98:
D
Solution: The injury and damage caused to plants by temperature above the freezing temperature are termed Chilling Injury. It happens to some vegetable crops of tropical origin held at the wrong storage or transit temperature, the tissue becomes weakened leading to cellular dysfunctions. Visible symptoms include surface lessions/pitting, Internal discoloration, water soaking of the tissue, failure to ripen normally, and increased susceptibility to decay organisms.
99:
D
Solution: CRI is the crown root initiation stage in any wheat plantation which comes in 20 - 25 days after sowing. So, in case of a water crisis when only one irrigation can be provided, then it should be done at the CRI stage, which is the most crucial stage for water requirement.
100:
A
Solution: AGMARK stands for Agriculture mark, which is the certification mark to assure the quality and purity of the agricultural products in India. They conform to a set of standards approved by the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection. The head office of AGMARK is in Faridabad, Haryana.
101:
B
Solution: The deficiency of Boron in citrus fruit causes hard fruit or stone fruit. A lack of boron results in gum pockets forming in the fruit albedo and flesh, near the rind. Fruit is small and hard with gum-like spots on the skin.
102:
C
Solution: The Gundhi bug is a very common pest of rice that attacks rice after the flowering stage or can be said in the milking stage of grains when the grains are immature and soft. It damages the crop by sucking out the content which develops grains from pre-flowering spikelets.
103:
D
Solution: Sesamum is a leguminous crop and genus of about 20 species in the flowering plant family Pedaliaceae . The plant of this genus is annual or perennial herbs with edible seeds. The origin of S. Indicum is uncertain and is widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical regions.
104:
D
Solution: Organic farming is important because of Toxic free plants, GMO free and eco-friendly seeds, and methods applied to grow crops. It uses organic manure and fertilizers for the crops which reduce the environmental pollution and also health issues caused by chemical fertilizers. It helps in keeping agricultural production at a sustainable level.
105:
C, H
Solution: Paddy gall flies insect attack rice fields, cause a tubular gall at the base of tillers, and cause elongation of leaf sheaths called onion leaf or silver shoot. Rice bugs damages plant tissue and emit an unpleasant odor like the odor emitted by true stink bugs. Rice stem borer destroys rice at any stage of the plant from seedling to maturity and forms whiteheads during the reproductive stage, not black ears. Rice zig-zag leaf hopper is found in all rice environments it causes the leaf tips to dry up and whole leaves to become orange and curled.
106:
B
Solution: Cysteine is a non-essential amino acid important for making protein, and for other metabolic functions. Cysteine has an organic form of Sulphur. It is the precursor or reduced Sulphur donor of the most other organic Sulphur compounds in plants.
107:
A
Solution: The seed rate of rice cultivation in broadcasting and drilling methods should be 100 kg/ha and 60 kg/ha respectively. Broadcasting of the seeds is the process of scattering seeds or fertilizer evenly over an area. Drilling is the method to prepare the field early and then control weeds using herbicides over winter, leaving a firm seed bed to direct drill the rice into the spring.
108:
D
Solution: At the end point of the titration of Organic Carbon estimation colour changes from blue to green. At this point, the addition of ferrous sulphate drop by drop until the colour changes sharply from blue - green to reddish - grey. The determination of soil organic carbon is based on the Walkley - Black chromic acid wet oxidation method. The reaction is assisted by the heat generated when two volumes of sulphuric acid are mixed with one volume of the dichromate.
109:
C
110:
D
Solution: WMO stands for World Meteorological Organisation and is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation in atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology and geophysics. It was established on 23 rd March 1950 and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The present president of WMO is Gerhard Adrian.
111:
B
Solution: Norman Borlaug is the father of the Green revolution in the world. He was an American agronomist who led initiatives worldwide that contributed to the extensive increases in agricultural production. The green revolution is the set of research technologies that led to increased agricultural production in the world.
112:
C
Solution: Humus is the dark organic matter in the soil formed by the decomposition of plant and animal matter, rich in nutrients and retaining moisture in the soil. It is very much important for healthy plants and proper yield of the crop. Humin is carbon based macromolecular substance and consists of both mineral and organic components. It is a non-biodegradable product of humus formation. It is the insoluble component of soil organic matter that remains after the extraction of the other components from soil organic matter in an aqueous base.
113:
D
Solution: 2,4,5-tricholorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4, 5-T) , is a chlorophenoxy acetic acid herbicide used to defoliate broad-leafed plants. Isoproturan is a member of the class of phenyl ureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic, herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals. Butachlor is an aromatic amide that is acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group. Dinoseb is a common industry name for 6-sec-butyl-2, 4-dinitrophenol, a herbicide in the dinitrophenol family. It is now here related to carbamates.
114:
B
Solution: Ricinus communis L. is the scientific name of Castor. It is a species of perennial flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It reproduces with a mixed pollination system which favours selfing by geitonogamy. castor seed is the source of castor oil and oil is rich in triglycerides, mainly ricinolein.
115:
C
Solution: India’s position is 4 th in tractor production. India holds the pole position with an annual production of about a million tractors in the financial year 2021. Mahindra Tractors is the largest manufacturer of tractors in India and also the highest selling tractor brand by volume. Messey ferguson is the largest tractor manufacturer and produces powerful tractors. It is an American producing company of farm equipment established in 1953. The United States tops the list of tractor production in the world.
116:
D
Solution: Soil sickness is the rise of negative conditions for plant vegetative and reproductive performances induced into the soil by the plant itself. The two main crops responsible for soil sickness are Jowar and linseed. It builds up soil-borne pathogens, deterioration of soil physiochemical properties, an imbalance of nutrient availability and accumulation of autotoxic substances.
117:
A
Solution: Soil aggregation refers to the binding together of soil particles into clusters or aggregates. Cations play a major role in soil aggregation by neutralizing the negative charges on clay particles and helping them to bind. Al 3+ (aluminum ion) has a higher charge density compared to divalent (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ ) and monovalent (K + ) cations. Because of its higher valency (3+) , Al 3+ can more effectively neutralize the negative charges on clay surfaces, leading to better aggregation. Therefore, Al 3+ has the highest aggregation capacity in soil . Correct answer: Option A: Al 3+
118:
A
Solution: Intercropping of Mustard with potato is recommended in Replacement Series . In this type of intercropping, both crops are called component crops. Neither is the base crop nor the intercrop. It means the plant population of both component crops is less than their recommended population in pure stand.
119:
A
Solution: Rice is the Kharif season crop. The traditional method of cultivating rice is flooding the fields with water, it thus requires a sound water supply, maybe through high rainfall and canal irrigated lands. Moreover, rice cultivation requires bright sunny days during and after anthesis along with a humid climate.
120:
D
Solution: According to the report, about 292 districts of our country account for the consumption of 85% of all the country's fertilizers. The crop-wise usage pattern of fertilizers is highly uneven. But the highest share of fertilizer consumption in India is by Potato followed by sugarcane, cotton, wheat and paddy.
121:
A
Solution: The Jobner research station of Jaipur has developed the Jadia and Jwala varieties of moth bean. It is a drought-resistant crop that can be easily cultivated in the hot and dry habitats of the northern and western parts of our country. It is grown on an area of 13.19 lakh hectares with a production of 17.53 lakh tonnes.
122:
A
Solution: Based on chemical, physical and biological features, the soil has been categorized into 12 categories, which are called soil orders. These are Vertisols, spodosols, Mollisols, histosols, Entisols, Andisols, Ultisols, Oxisols, Inceptisols, Gelisols, Ardisols, Alfisols. Entisols are the pedologically youngest of the soils added to the order recently. It is formed from freshly deposited materials.
123:
D
Solution: In India, Dr. Arun Krishnsan and Dr. Hiralal Chaudhari launched the Blue Revolution, also known as the Nili Kranti Mission in India, between 1985 and 1990. It refers to the significant growth and intensification of global aquaculture production. Its main aim is to develop, manage and promote fisheries to increase farmer's income.
124:
B
Solution: Linseeds, also known as flax seeds, is rich in fiber and high quality protein. It is also the best plant-based source of omega-3 fatty acids and phytoestrogens. Flax seeds contain about 55% alpha-linolenic acid, 30% - 36% protein and 35 - 35% fiber.
125:
A
Solution: It is believed that the native place of sunflowers is the southern United States and Mexico. According to the latest survey, South Dakota is the largest producer of sunflowers in the United States, followed by North Dakota and Texas. It is grown for edible oil and seeds. Sunflowers grow best in fertile, moist, well-drained soil with heavy mulch.
126:
B
Solution: Topping is one of the practices to remove the terminal bud of the plant with or without the small leaves just before or after the emergence of the flower head to make it bushier. Topping is used to stop plants to produce seeds and divert the energy and nutrients from seeds to leaves. Topping is done in the tobacco plant to improve its physical appearance, quality, and quantity of tobacco yield.
127:
A
Solution: Dapog is a rice cultivation method that involves growing seeds in a nursery. It was first used in the Philippines. In this, seeds are germinated and grown without soil. The seedlings are thus raised and can be rolled like a carpet with roots facing outside and carried to the field for transplantation. The seedlings are ready to transplant within 6 - 8 days.
128:
D
Solution: The rotation intensity of any cropping pattern means a growing combination of crops that matches climatic conditions, water availability, and nutrient storage of soil in that particular field. This is calculated by counting the number of crops grown in a rotation and is multiplied by 100 and then divided by the duration of the rotation. Therefore here the intensity is 300%.
129:
B
Solution: Mechanical analysis is the determination of the size range of particles present in the soil and it is expressed as a percentage of the total dry weight. And its analysis is based on Stroke's law, which states that the terminal velocity of settling of spherical particles in suspension varies with the square of the diameter of the sphere, the density and viscosity of the field and the density of the sphere (soil particles are considered as spheres).
130:
A
Solution: Lucerne, also known as Alfalfa, whose scientific name is Medicago sativa, is a perennial flowering plant in the legume family. It is native to Persia but is now grown worldwide as an important forage crop. It is used for grazing, hay and silage, as well as green manure and cover crops.
131:
B
Solution: Cropping intensity is the extent of the use of land for cropping purposes during a given year. It is the number of times a crop is planted per year in a given agricultural area. It can be calculated as the ratio of effective crop area harvested to the physical area.
132:
C
Solution: For transplanting a one hectare area of rice approximately 1000 meter square of the area is sufficient for nursery raising. There are different methods of raising rice seedlings, these are the Wet bed nursery, the Dry bed nursery, the Dapog nursery, etc.
133:
A
Solution: IIPR stands for Indian Institute of Pulses Research, established in the year 1983 by ICAR and is located in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. Its motive is to carry out basic strategic and applied research on major pulse crops. The present Director of IIPR is Dr. N. P. Singh.
134:
B
Solution: Denitrification is defined as the reduction of nitrate or nitrite to gaseous nitrogen catalyzed by the bacteria. The level of denitrification is affected by the presence of an abundance of organic matter, elevated temperatures, alkaline pH, etc. In the case of rice, the denitrification losses are highest in the AWD system. AWD system is the 'Alternate Wetting and Drying’ system, which is a water management technique, practiced to cultivate irrigated lowland rice with much less water than the usual system of maintaining continuous standing water in the crop field.
135:
C
Solution: Rice requires water logging for its cultivation while most the crops are intolerant to water logging. Waterlogging is the saturation of soil with water it occurs when there is too much water in a plant’s root zone, which decreases the oxygen available to roots. Rice is a facultative hydrophyte, that is it can transport oxygen from the foliage to the flooded roots, so to counteract weeds and increase productivity, water is kept in the torrential fields throughout the growing season.
136:
A
Solution: Cotton is the soft fiber that grows around the seeds in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant. Each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow. Cotton fibres are comprised of 88% - 97% of cellulose, while the remaining constituents are wares, proteins, and pectin.
137:
B
Solution: Norin 10 is the first wheat variety to have short plant height, lodging resistance, and higher grain yield. It is a semi-dwarf wheat cultivar with a very large ear that was bred by Gonjiro Inazuka at an experimental station in Japan. It grew just 2 feet tall, provided with two genes, Rht1 and Rht2 , that resulted in the reduced height of the plant.
138:
B
Solution: Crop rotation is the practice of growing different crops sequentially on the same field to improve soil health, optimize nutrients in the soil, and combat pest and weed pressure. Maize-potato-sugarcane-ratoon-green gram is an example of crop rotation for 3 years.
139:
B
Solution: A Xerophyte is a species of plant that is adapted to survive in an environment with less water or in extremely dry soils. Example: cacti, pineapple. A Hydrophyte is a plant species that live in water and adapt to its environment. Example: Valisineria, Hydrilla. Thallophyta is a polyphyletic group of non-mobile organisms that are grouped based on the same characteristics. Example: Spirogyra, Ulothrix. Hydroponics is the method of growing plants without soil.
140:
A
Solution: A cash crop is a profitable crop that is grown to sell for profit. Cash crops are usually crops that attract demand in more developed nations and hence have some export value. Out of the following options, groundnut is an important cash crop in our country. Groundnut farming in India is done on 85 lakh hectares of land and the highest productivity is from Tamil Nadu.
141:
B
Solution: Legumes are the family of pulses and they have a specific feature to form a symbiotic association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria present in soil and root nodules. These nitrogen-fixing bacteria are called Rhizobia and belong to the genus Brady rhizobium .
142:
A
Solution: Every soil all around the world is not self-sufficient, it may lack specific nutrients required specifically for certain plant types, then to grow such a plant we add the nutrients in the form of fertilizers to the soil. Indian soil is deficient in Zinc and Boron.
143:
C
Solution: The principle way in which Phosphorus and Potassium ions move from the soil to the root of field crops is Diffusion. While Diffusion is the process of movement of molecules to maintain the net flow of matter from the region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
144:
B
Solution: The volumetric moisture content of a soil = Gravimetric moisture content X bulk density of soil. Therefore, volumetric moisture content = 15 × 1.4 = 21%
145:
D
Solution: The sufficiency range is a range of nutrient concentrations that are considered adequate for high yields. While Nutrient sufficiency is a measure of nutrient concentration in the plant and is determined by plant analysis. Thus the plateau with little growth rate and continuing accumulation of nutrient elements in the plants can be defined as the Sufficiency range.
146:
B
Solution: Two different parents bred to form a hybrid of rice. IRRI (International Rice Research Institute) is working with its partners to develop new and improved varieties of rice. In 1970, China’s hybrid rice breeding program averted an impending famine, hybrid rice is estimated to be planted on more than 50% of rice growing fields to increase its annual rice yields.
147:
B
Solution: Greengram belongs to the legume family and is a pulse, while groundnut also belongs to the same family but it is not a pulse. Castor as the name castor bean seems like a member of the legume family but it belongs to Euphorbiaceae and it is also not a pulse.
148:
D
Solution: Jute is one of the most important natural fibers. India is the largest producer of Jute. About 4 months after planting, harvesting begins. For good quality fiber yield, it should be harvested just after flowering i.e. before seed formation.
149:
B
Solution: Every practice has pros and cons, likewise, the green revolution also had some after effects, like loss of soil fertility, soil toxicity, soil erosion, inadequate water resources, lacking and salinity of underground water, and global warming which all lead to negative impacts of over adoption of agricultural technologies ultimately resulting in Decreasing factor productivity .
150:
A
Solution: Panicle initiation i.e. PI is the start of the reproductive phase of rice development. So, in a total of 120 days of rice plantation, Panicle initiation starts about 60 - 65 days after sowing.
151:
D
Solution: Chickpea is the most common and widely cultivated pulse crop in India. It accounts for around 40% of the total production of pulses. Moreover, India is the largest chickpea producer in the world with 99,37,990 tons of production per year. Our country alone produces more than 60% world's chickpeas.
152:
C
Solution: Frankenstein food is such foodstuff that is prepared from genetically modified crops (GMOs). GMOs are any organism whether it is a plant, animal, or microbe whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques to modify the yield and qualities for the welfare of the society. Genetically modified maize is Frankenstein food.
153:
A
Solution: Nitrogen is the most important essential nutrient required by plants for proper functioning. Its deficiency in maize can cause yellowing of leaves from tip to base in V shaped pattern. It tends to show stunted or sparse growth. The oldest leaves show discolouration and necrosis.
154:
D
Solution: Anemometer is an instrument that is used to measure wind velocity, wind pressure, and its direction. It counts the number of rotations, which is used to calculate wind speed. Anemometer is derived from the Greek word anemos which means wind. This is a widely used instrument in meteorology.
155:
C
Solution: Sesbania rostrate is a small semi-aquatic leguminous plant that has a double symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing bacteria. It forms a symbiotic relationship with Gram–negative rhizobia which leads to the formation of nitrogen fixing nodules on both stem and roots. Because of this reason, it is mainly used as green manure to improve soil fertility.
156:
A
Solution: Temporal intercropping is the practice of sowing a fast-growing crop with a slow growing crop so that the fast-growing crop is harvested before the slow-growing crop starts to mature. Thus this practice results from growth patterns of the component crops differing in time.
157:
B
Solution: tuberization in potatoes is a complex biological phenomenon of the potato plant which regulates the induction of tubers. The improved tuber yield and its quality are affected by several environmental cues, genetic factors and plant nutrition. Under environmental cues, temperature plays an important role. The ideal temperature for the tuberization process is 18°C.
158:
B
Solution: NRRI is the National Rice Research Institute is located at Cuttack, Odisha in the year 1946 with an experimental farm land of 60 hectares. The mission of this institute is to develop and disseminate eco-friendly technologies to enhance the productivity, profitability and sustainability of rice cultivation. Its goal is to ensure the food and nutritional security of the present and future generations of rice producers and consumers.
159:
A
Solution: HCl is a strong acid and it dissociates into ions completely. HCl (aq) 0.01 M → H + (0.01 M) + Cl − (0.01 M) [H + (aq)] = 0.01 M = 1 × 10 -2 pH = - log 10 [H + (aq)] pH= - log 10 [1 × 10 -2 ] therefore pH = 2
160:
C
Solution: Production of sugarcane is highest in Uttar Pradesh followed by Maharashtra in India. But productivity wise, Tamil Nadu stands first with over 100 tons per hectare followed by Karnataka and Maharashtra. Bihar has the lowest productivity among the major sugarcane producing states.
161:
A
Solution: Downey mildew of mustard does not induce floral abnormalities whereas all the other diseases among the given options like Green ear of Bajra and white rust of crucifers induce floral abnormalities in them. Downey mildew is caused by the fungus-like organism Peronospora parasitica. Infection occurs when soil-borne resting structures called oospores germinate and produce sporangia under moist, cool conditions. It affects leaves as light green or slightly chlorotic lesions that become yellow or necrotic after sporulation.
162:
A
Solution: Eleusine coracana is the botanical name of Ragi also known as finger millet. It is an annual herbaceous plant grown as a cereal crop in arid and semiarid areas. It is a short day plant with a growing optimum of 12 hours of daylight. Millet flour contains 75% carbohydrates, 11% protein and 44% fat.
163:
A
Solution: CPRI is Central Potato Research Institute situated at Kufri, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. It was first established in 1949 in Patna, Bihar but was later shifted to Shimla in 1956. Its main aim is to undertake basic, strategic and applied research to enhance productivity, quality and utilization of potato.
164:
C
Solution: Central Research Institute for Dry land agriculture is located in Santoshnagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, and was established in 1985 with a mandate to carry out basic and applied research in rainfed farming. It is a constituent organization of ICAR, an autonomous body of the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
165:
A
Solution: Sugar beet is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of sucrose and which is grown commercially for sugar production. Sugar is formed by photosynthesis in the leaves and is then stored in the root. Sugar beet matures in April or May. It usually matures in 90 - 95 days and grows exclusively in the temperate zone. It is a conical, white, fleshy root with a flat crown.
166:
D, H, L
Solution: All the given options of crop and its variety are correct like: Basanti (RK 8501) is a variety of Mustard that is yellow seeded, white rust resistant, and Alternaria blight tolerant. Chandra is the variety of groundnut which is mostly grown in Uttar Pradesh and has an oil content of 47.7% in its seeds. Malika (K75) is a variety of lentils suitable for cultivation in Chattisgarh, Bihar, UP, MP and Gujarat. Neelum is not any variety of Arhar. That is the wrong match.
167:
B
Solution: The first five-year plan in India was launched in 1951and since then, India has witnessed twelve five-year plans while it was laid to rest by Latest Government in 2015. The seventh five-year plan was from 1985 to 1990 and its growth rate was 5.8%. The eighth five-year plan was from 1992 to 1997 and its growth rate was 6.8%. The ninth five-year plan was from 1997 to 2002 and achieved a growth rate of 5.6%. The tenth five-year plan was from 2002 to 2006 and its growth target was proposed 8% but achieved only 7.6%.
168:
B
Solution: Around 152.05 Lakh hectares of land in the state are under cultivation out of a total of 307.56 lakh hectares. Madhya Pradesh is been divided into 11 agroclimatic zones based on diverse soil and climatic condition. It helps to support the cultivation of a wide range of crops with diversified cropping patterns.
169:
B
Solution: pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of any substance. It ranges from 0 - 14, 7 is neutral while a pH value of 0 - 7 indicates acidity whereas a Value greater than 7 indicates the Basicity of any substance. It is a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the liquid. A change of one pH unit corresponds to a ten times change in Hydrogen ion concentration.
170:
D
Solution: The productivity in the intercropping system is optimized by the full recommended dose of the main crop. It is advantageous to the agricultural practice as it helps in increasing the rate of crop production, decreasing the risk of total crop reduction. It also helps in controlling weeds and adding essential nutrients to the soil.
171:
C
Solution: Varalaxmi is the world’s first interspecific, the tetraploid cotton hybrid was developed by Cotton Research Station, Dharwad, University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore in the year 1972. It shows 50% higher productivity than other varieties.
172:
A
Solution: Mungbean shows an Epigeal type of germination. Epigeal is the botanical term that means that germination of seed takes place above the ground while hypogeal means under the ground germination.
173:
A
Solution: SPAC is Soil Plant Atmosphere Continuum , is a unified system which is proposed by John Philip, 1966 . It is the pathway for the movement of water from the soil through plants to the atmosphere ultimately, this movement is based on the higher water potential regions to the lower water potential region. In this water and energy transfer occurs from soil through plants to the atmosphere.
174:
B
Solution: The Ganga and the Brahmaputra basins have the highest ground water potential basin in India. It is about 46% of the total replenishable groundwater resources.
175:
B
Solution: Zinc is one of the essential nutrients required by almost all plants for their proper growth and development. Its deficiency can cause various other diseases, one of them being white bud disease in maize. The diseased plant show broadband of bleached tissues on each side of the midrib, starting from the base region.
176:
A
Solution: Field capacity is considered as the water content of the soil after two to three days of rain or irrigation process when the extra water has been percolated by gravitational forces to the ground. It can also be called as water holding capacity of the soil. It is normally 0.033 MPa.
177:
B
Solution: Wheat growth can be physiologically divided into several stages: Germination or emergence, tillering, stem elongation, boot, heading, or flowering, and last one grain-fill or ripening. Seedling is the first stage of growth in wheat that occurs after germination and begins when the first true leaves emerge. CRI is the crown root initiation stage that mostly happens 21 days after sowing. Tillering is lateral branches that happen 40 - 45 days after sowing. The heading stage also known as ear emergence stage begins when the ear emerges from the flag leaf sheath and continues until the entire ear has emerged. So, the correct sequence should be seedling, CRI, tillering followed by ear emergence.
178:
A
Solution: Spikelet sterility in wheat is mainly caused because of deficiency of boron. Some climatic conditions like high humidity and low light intensity due to dense fog also affect the sterility of wheat.
179:
C
Solution: The term ideotype was coined by Donald in 1968 which means biological model combining morphological and physiological traits that are thought to enhance genetic yield potential. The ideotype of rice is given by Yoshida.
180:
A
Solution: Saccharum officinarum is one of the most productive and intensively cultivated varieties of sugarcane, originated in New Guinea . It is now cultivated worldwide for the production of sugar, ethanol and other products.
181:
D
Solution: Milpa is a crop-growing system used throughout Mesoamerica. It is a modified form of the Slash & burns cropping system usually practiced in hilly areas of our country. As like in slash and burn, in the milpa system of cropping also a field is cleared from the jungle, cropped for a few seasons and then abandoned for a fresh clearing.
182:
D
Solution: Heavy applications of potassium fertilizers often lead to reduced absorption of zinc and copper. The high availability of potassium is unhealthy for plants because it affects the absorption of other critical nutrients required for the development of plants. Whereas the low percentage of potassium can also prevent excess phosphorus from running into the waterways which may damage the aquatic life.
183:
D
Solution: There are overall 17 essential mineral nutrients for plants and these are carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulphur, Calcium, Magnesium, Boron, Chlorine, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel and zinc. All these are required in specific proportions by the plants for their proper growth and development.
184:
A
Solution: Disk Plough is a primary tillage implement. It employs around, concave disks of hardened steel, sharpened and serrated on the edge, with diameters ranging from 20 - 38 inches. It is used in the dry and hard soil for the first soil tillage after the last harvest.
185:
A
Solution: It is believed that groundnut is native to Brazil. The oldest remains of pods have been dated about 7,600 years old, possibly a wild species that was in cultivation. The scientific name of the groundnut is Arachis hypogaea. It is a legume crop grown for its edible seeds.
186:
C
Solution: Pusa-9 variety of arhar is developed in IARI, Pusa. It is being cultivated in Assam, Bihar, West Bengal, and Other North Eastern states. This variety is suitable for cultivation in that agro-climatic regions. It matures in 130 - 140 days.
187:
D
Solution: Purity analysis of seeds is done to find the proportion of pure seed component in the seed along with, seeds of other crops, weed seed and inert matter by weight in percentage. The percentage of impurity in a seed sample is termed Dockage, which is the presence of foreign matter in seeds, determined by analysis of the seed.
188:
C
Solution: Out of the following Rape seed is the semi-tolerant crop of salinity. It means the crop is tolerant to the moderate levels of salt in the soil water. Rapeseed is a bright-yellow flowering member of the family, cultivated for its oil-rich seeds. It can be cultivated on a wide variety of well-drained soils. with pH between 5.5 to 8.3.
189:
B
Solution: Rice equivalent yield is calculated to compare system performance by converting the yield of non-rice crops into equivalent rice yield on a price basis. Formula: REY = Yx (Px/Pr) Where, Yx is the yield of non-rice crops (kg/ha) = 4,000 kg/ha of wheat Px is the price of non-rice crops (Rs. per kg) = 2,000 per qt Pr is the price of rice (Rs. per kg) = 30,000 per ton Here, REY = 8.66 t/ha
190:
D
Solution: Silique or siliqua is the fruit of the mustard family. It resembles a seed capsule having two fused carpels with the length being more than three times the width. When it becomes dry, then the length is less than three times the width of the dried fruit, then it is called a silicle. Further, the outer walls of the ripe fruit are separate and named as dehiscent.
191:
B
Solution: The botanical name of India cotton is Gossypium arboreum . India is the only country in the world where all four cultivated species are grown as it supports the livelihood of 95 million people in India.
192:
C
193:
A
Solution: The central origin is probably Peninsular India, where the closest wild relatives ( Cajanus cajanifolia ) occur in tropical deciduous woodlands. From India, it travelled to East Africa and West Africa. Now pigeon pea is grown in over 50 tropical countries of the world, especially in more arid regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas.
194:
A
Solution: Selective herbicide means it can be applied to the field and it will control or suppresses the targeted weed species without affecting the growth of the main crop. Atrazine serves as a selective herbicide that inhibits the process of photosynthesis in susceptible plants.
195:
C
Solution: The texture of any soil is the permanent soil property while others may vary. All soil contains mineral particles, organic matter, water, and air. Soil properties can be determined by texture, structure, porosity, chemistry and colour.
196:
A
Solution: Black soil is also known as Black cotton soil as cotton is grown extensively in black soils. Black soil is black in color because of the presence of the mineral Montmorinolite in the predominant amount. It is also rich in magnesium, lime, iron and organic matter.
197:
B
Solution: Soil structure and its texture describe the arrangement of solid parts of the soil and the empty pore spaces between them. It also determines the arrangement of soil pores depending upon the clumping and binding of soil particles together which ultimately has a major influence on biological activity, root growth, seedling emergence and movement of water and air.
198:
B
Solution: Sugarbeet also acts as a resource for organic sugar production. Sugar beet is a white, taproot structure that synthesizes sugar by the process of photosynthesis and stores it in its root, and on the further extraction process, it has a content of 10 - 12% sugar approximately. The sugar produced from sugar beet is termed beet sugar and has a sweeter aftertaste with a fruity aroma.
199:
B
Solution: The rotation intensity of any cropping pattern means a growing combination of crops that matches climatic conditions, water availability, and nutrient storage of soil in that particular field. This is calculated by counting the number of crops grown in a rotation and is multiplied by 100 and then divided by the duration of the rotation. Therefore here the intensity is 400%.
200:
D
Solution: Pigeon pea or red gram commonly called arhar is an important legume crop. Self-pollination is the rule in Red gram and natural crossing extends up to 65%, thus it is also known as often cross pollinated crop. Often cross-pollinated species are those crop plants in which cross-pollination exceeds 5% and may reach 30%. Such species are generally known as often cross pollinated species means pollination occurs when pollen is delivered to a flower from a different plant.
201:
D
Solution: Horse latitudes are the regions located at about 30 - 35 degrees north and south of the equator. These are also known as subtropical ridges. These are characterized by sunny skies, calm winds, high pressure areas and very little precipitation.
202:
A
Solution: Dr. V. Kurian is the architect of the Indian Modern Dairy Industry, thus also called the Father of 'White Revolution' and ‘Dudhwala of India’. He has enabled India to become the largest milk producer in the World. He has devoted his life to realizing his dream to empower the farmers of India.
203:
B
Solution: Arhar also known as Pigeon pea or Red Gram, is the second most important pulse crop grown in our country. The seeding rate of pigeon pea depends on the desired plant density for a genotype, cropping system, germination rate of seed and mass of seed. The seed rate of arhar is 10 - 12 Kilogram/hectare.
204:
A
Solution: C 3 plants are plants in which the initial product of the assimilation of carbon dioxide through photosynthesis is 3-phosphoglycerate, which contains 3 carbon atoms. Plants that survive solely on C 3 fixation tend to thrive in areas where sunlight intensity is moderate, the temperature is moderate, carbon dioxide concentration is around 200 ppm and groundwater is in plenty. Wheat is a type of C 3 plant.
205:
C
Solution: Sprinklers are suitable where the soil has a clayey and loamy texture and undulating topography. It is best suited to sandy soils with high infiltration rates. The sprinkler is a device used to spray water plants. It allows the application of water under high pressure with the help of a pump.
206:
D
Solution: The first patent for life forms was awarded to Anand Chakrabarty for the new microbe, which is "Multiplasmid hydrogen-degrading Pseudomonas". These microbes could digest about two-thirds of the hydrocarbons that would be found in a typical oil spill.
207:
D
Solution: Fluchlorin is one of the dinitroaniline pesticides to prevent the growth of grasses and weeds in cultivated crops. It is generally applied as Pre-plant incorporation. It can be applied to soil and incorporated before sowing rainfed groundnut.
208:
B
Solution: In 2012, ICARDA relocated its headquarters from Aleppo, Syria to Beirut in partnership with the Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture, the Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute and the American University of Beirut strengthening a solid research infrastructure. International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) is headquartered in Verdun, Beirut, Lebanon and was established in 1977. It has implemented research-for-development programs in 50 countries across the world’s dry areas. It aims to provide innovative, science-based solutions for communities across non-tropical dry areas.
209:
C
Solution: Eucalyptus is a rapidly growing tree. The trees are periodically cut at the ground level to stimulate growth. It is a medium to a tall tree reaching 20 - 50 meters in height and up to 2 meters in diameter approximately. These plants have bark that is either smooth, fibrous, hard or stingy and leaves with oil glands.
210:
D
Solution: Oryza sativa is the scientific name of the Rice that is farmed and grown globally as a staple crop. There are various subspecies grown in various parts of the world. Japonica is grown in Japan, jawanica in Indonesia and Indica in India.
211:
A
Solution: Edaphology is the science or study of soil, especially concerning plant growth. It deals with the relationship between soil and living things. Pedology is a disciple within soil science which focuses on understanding and characterizing soil formation, evolution, and the theoretical frameworks for modeling soil bodies. Mineralogy is concerned with all aspects of minerals, including their physical properties and chemical composition.
212:
C
Solution: Hydraulic conductivity defines the proportional relationship between flux and hydraulic gradient, or in this case, of unidirectional flow of water in saturated soil. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is a quantitative expression of the soil’s ability to transmit water under a given hydraulic gradient. Hydraulic conductivity of soils varies directly with the total porosity of the soil.
213:
D
Solution: As per The National Forest Policy, it has been proposed that the area under forests in India should be about 33% for ecological balance. At present, the total forest and tree cover of the country is 80.9 million hectares which are 24.62% of the geographical area of the country.
214:
A
Solution: A leaf area meter is a lightweight instrument to get leaf area measurements. It is widely used to measure crop canopy. A psychrometer is an instrument that measures relative humidity in the atmosphere by taking two thermometers i.e. both a wet bulb and a dry bulb to take a temperature reading. The pressure plate is the device that is used to determine soil moisture, water retention and suctions greater than 0.4 bar. Irrometer is the instrument use to measure Atmospheric tension. An Irrometer will measure the actual soil water tension, true measurement of soil water potential also.
215:
C
Solution: Gramineae or Poaceae is a large family of grasses, it includes cereal grasses like oats, Barley, Maize, etc. Whereas Okra is a flowering plant known for its edible seed pods. It is cultivated in warm and tropical climates. Raw okra is 90% water, 2% protein, 7% carbohydrates and contains negligible fats.
216:
C
Solution: The Parshall flume is an open channel flow metering device that was developed to measure the flow of surface waters and irrigation flows. It is a fixed hydraulic structure used to measure volumetric flow rate in industrial discharges, municipal sewer lines and influent/effluent flows in waste water treatment plants.
217:
C
Solution: Gandhi bug insect attack on rice during Milking stage. It is a small insect that attacks the ripening rice grains and makes them wither away. It sucks the milk from the developing grains and stems in the early stage of grain formation. It also causes a foul smell in the field because of withering. The milking stage is the stage when the grains are being filled.
218:
A
Solution: Maharashtra is major sugarcane growing state covering about 9.4 lakh hectares area with a production of 61.32 million tons. Kerela produces roughly 45% of India's coconuts. The coconut Development Board which plays an important role in the development of coconut products in India has its headquarters in Kochi, Kerala. Karnataka is the largest coffee-producing state, with 71.5% of total coffee production in the country. Andhra Pradesh is the leading groundnut-producing state in the country. Groundnut production and area are highest in the Anantapuram district with the production of 3.44 lakh tons and 4.09 ha respectively.
219:
B
Solution: The directorate of Mushroom Research is located in Chambaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. It was established in the year 1983. It has grown up as a center of excellence for mushroom research and training in the country. The directorate has played a key role in creating awareness and popularization of mushroom cultivation throughout the country.
220:
C
Solution: IIHR - Indian Institute of Horticultural Research is located in Bengaluru, Karnataka. CTRI - Central Tobacco Research Institute is located in Rajamahendravaram, Andhra Pradesh IRRI - International Rice Research Institute is located in Los Banos, Philippines. ICARDA - International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas is located in Beirut-Lebanon-Syria.
221:
D
Solution: Red rot disease in sugarcane is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum . In this infection, red and white patches are found within the cane along with a sour alcoholic odor when the cane is split open. The spindle leaves start drying in an earlier stage of infection and at a later stage, stalks become discoloured and hollow.
222:
B
Solution: The barometer is the instrument that measures atmospheric pressure. While Barograph is a self-recording barometer, it records the readings of any change in the pressure on a moving chart. Thus, continuous variation in atmospheric pressure is recorded by Barograph .
223:
D
Solution: Sesame is called as "Queen of oilseeds" because of its high quality polyunsaturated stable fatty acids that restrain oxidative rancidity. It is also stable due to the natural antioxidants such as sesamin, sesamolin, sesamol and sesamolinol that reduce the rate of oxidation. It also contains an essential nutrient in a significant amount that is vitamin K, providing 17% per 100gms.
224:
B
Solution: Biological value is a measure of the proportion of absorbed protein from food that becomes incorporated into proteins of the organism's body which ultimately means the least time required by the digested protein to be used in the protein synthesis process in a cell of an organism. The proteins from animal sources have a higher biological value than the protein obtained from plant sources. Out of all the options given, the mung bean has the highest biological value.
225:
D
Solution: 5 th June of every year is celebrated as World’s Environment Day . This day was first observed in the year 1974 in the city of Spokane, USA. The first celebration, under the slogan, "Only one Earth" took place. It is a platform to raise awareness of the problems faced by our environment like Air pollution, illegal wildlife trade, sustainable consumption, global warming, food security, etc.
226:
D
Solution: Ratooning is an ancient practice of propagation of sugarcane in which subterranean buds on the stubble give rise to a new crop. It is also referred to as stubble crop, where stubble is the leftover part of the cane left underground after harvesting. This is practiced as a matter of routine in Sugarcane and Napier grass.
227:
D
Solution: A crop yield index of a farm is a number that denotes the average of the yields of various crops grown on a farm or in a locality to the yields of the same crops on another farm. It is calculated by dividing the gross cropped area by the net area available on the farm, multiplied by 100. Here, all the given options are not correct.
228:
C
Solution: Sprinkler irrigation is a method that mimics natural rainfall by spraying water through a system of pipes and sprinklers. Undulated soils , or uneven terrains, pose challenges for traditional irrigation methods like surface irrigation due to irregular slopes and water flow issues. Sprinkler systems are ideal for such conditions because they do not rely on gravity or level surfaces to distribute water evenly. They allow for controlled water application and uniform coverage, making them highly suitable for undulated areas . In contrast, clay soils have slow infiltration rates, saline soils need careful water management to avoid salt accumulation, and acidic soils are more about pH management than irrigation method.
229:
A
Solution: Hordeum vulgare is the botanical name of Barley. It is a member of a grass family and is a major cereal crop grown in temperate climates. About 70% of barley production is used as animal fodder while the remaining 30% is used as a source of raw material for fermentable drinks and beverages and as a component of various food.
230:
B
Solution: Urea (Option B) is typically considered a cheaper fertilizer compared to other options listed. It is a widely used nitrogenous fertilizer due to its relatively low cost of production. Single super phosphate (Option A), dicalcium phosphate (Option C), and ammonium sulfate (Option D) generally tend to be more expensive than urea. Hence, the correct answer is Option B: Urea.
231:
A
Solution: Lodging is defined as the permanent displacement of crops that stems from their vertical position to the ground level, which ultimately reduces the yield as it becomes difficult to harvest. The timing of lodging can control its effect on yield, disease, grain moisture, quality and evenness of ripening. Crop lodging time in Sugarcane was conducted in Hawai.
232:
B
Solution: Deficiency symptoms of nitrogen occur in plants and can be first observed on lower leaves that are older. The overall growth of plants becomes poor and leaves become pale green to yellow because the plant become deficient in chlorophyll in the absence of nitrogen.
233:
D
Solution: Maize, Moong and Jowar are Short day plant means they require a maximum of 8 hours of daylight. But wheat is not a short day plant, it is a long day plant as it requires a maximum of 12 - 16 hours of day light for proper growth and development of the plant.
234:
C
Solution: IBPGR is International Board for Plant Genetic Resources located in Rome, Italy. IITA is the International Institute of Agricultural was founded in 1967 and is located in Ibadan, Nigeria. ILRAD is International Laboratory for Research on Animal Disease and is headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya. ICRISAT is International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics and is headquartered in Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
235:
A
Solution: Productivity of an intercrop per unit area of ground compared with that expected from sole crop sown in the same proportions is termed as Land Equivalent Ratio. The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) is the ratio of the area under sole cropping to the area under intercropped needed to give equal amounts of yield at the same management level. It is the sum of the fractions of the intercropped yields divided by the sole crop yields.
236:
B
Solution: Percolation is the movement of water in a downward direction within the soil. It is also termed permeability or hydraulic conductivity. It is the slow process of the movement of water through pores or free spaces in the soil. The water flows to recharge the groundwater in the water table and aquifers.
237:
D
Solution: A catch crop is a fast-growing crop that is grown between successive planting of the main crop. It makes more efficient use of growing space. These catch crops are sown to prevent minerals from being flushed away from the soil and at the same time, it helps to get an additional income without further investment.
238:
C
Solution: Ammonium sulphate is an inorganic salt and is most commonly used as a soil fertilizer. It contains 21% of nitrogen and 24% of sulphate. Hence, 21% of 500 is 105 therefore, approximately 100 kg of nitrogen is supplied by 500 kg of Ammonium sulphate.
239:
A
Solution: Phalaris minor is a pernicious weed, which infests several crops during the winter season, particularly the Dwarf wheat in rice - wheat intercropping sequence. It grows as a tufted annual bunchgrass with a spike like a panicle and grows up to 1.8 meters in height. It is used as fodder or forage for livestock and birdseed.
240:
D
Solution: A chisel is a tool with a cutting edge blade on its end, for carving or cutting a hard material such as wood, stone or metal by hand or mechanical power. It is a popular farming tool used for deep tillage, to loosen and aerate the soil while leaving crop residue at the surface of the soil. It generally ploughs to the depth of 50 - 60cm.
241:
B
Solution: STP is Spaced Transplanting Technique used in sugarcane for synchronization of tillering and quick seed multiplication of sugarcane. It increases the seed multiplication ratio from 1 : 10 to 1 : 40. It has contributed to the fast spreading of newly evolved varieties in several places.
242:
A
Solution: The average annual rainfall of India is 1160 mm as per the data of 2021. The annual average rainfall of the world is 990 mm as per the data of 2021. Therefore the difference in average rainfall will be 1160 − 990 = 170 mm (194 is near then it can be considered)
243:
D
Solution: Rajendra Singh , an Indian water conservationist and environmentalist from Alwar, Rajasthan is known as the "Waterman of India”. He won the Magsaysay award, in 2001 and Stockholm water price in 2015. He is the founder of an NGO "Tarun Bharat Sangh" which works for water management in the semi-arid areas of Rajasthan which lies near that dessert.
244:
B
Solution: Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner was established in 1987. Raksha Pal Singh is the latest appointed Vice chancellor of the university. Maharana Pratap Agriculture University Udaipur was established in the year 1999. It is the second Agricultural University of the state, came into existence on 1 st November 1999 by bifurcation of the Rajasthan agricultural university.
245:
B
Solution: Crop residue in the field after harvesting is burnt to prepare land for the next cultivation. It is the most inexpensive and effective method to remove excess residue to facilitate timely planting and also to control pests and weeds. But the burning of crop residue is banned in 5 neighboring states of Delhi-NCR by agency National Green Tribunal in an order passed on 10 th December 2015 directed and prohibited agricultural residue burning in any parts of Delhi, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh to avoid air pollution in the city.
246:
B
Solution: Gossypium hirsutum is also known as upland cotton or American cotton. The United States, the world's largest exporter of cotton, constitutes nearly 95% of all cotton production. It is native to America which is why also called American or Mexican cotton.
247:
A
Solution: Rice cultivation is a submerged plantation, it requires specific clay or clay loam soil for water logging. The suitable soil pH for rice cultivation varies in the range of 4 - 6. It is slightly on the acidic side and rice is relatively tolerant of acid conditions and suited to the topographic sites on which such soil occurs.
248:
D
Solution: Retting is the process employing the action of micro-organisms and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and pectins surrounding bast-fiber bundles, thus facilitating the separation of fiber from the stem. This is the process involved in the production of linen from the flax stalks and coir from the coconut husks. Retting of Jute done at 34°C.
249:
A
Solution: Relay cropping is a method of multiple cropping where one crop is seeded into a standing second crop well before harvesting the second crop. Dr. Biwant Raj is the founder of Relay cropping. It offers economic benefits and reduces nitrate leaching from the soils.
250:
B
Solution: NBSS stands for National Bureau of Soil Survey the headquarters of the Bureau is shifted to Nagpur in June 1978. CSSRI stands for central soil Salinity Research Institute located in Karnal, Haryana, India. IPC is an International Petroleum Company, settled in Peru. ILCA stands for The International Livestock Centre for Africa and is located in Ethiopia.
251:
B
Solution: Wheat is a cereal grain and worldwide staple food. The archaeological record suggests that wheat was first cultivated in the regions of the fertile crescent around 9600 BCE. It originated in the Mediterranean region, the "Cradle of civilization" in the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys. While according to genetics, the origin of modern wheat is found in the Karacadag mountain region of what is today southeastern Turkey.
252:
B
Solution: Ethylene is the chemical hormone used for degreening of citrus fruits. Degreening is the process of removal of green colour from the skin of citrus fruit to show it is ripe and increase its market value. In this process, the measured amounts of ethylene gas are exposed to fruits under a controlled environment with specific temperatures and humidity.
253:
D
Solution: The agricultural land area of India is divided into 15 agro-climatic zones and further divided into 72 more sub-divisions. It is based on soil type, climates, rainfall, etc. These are: 1. Western Himalayan division 2. Eastern Himalayan division 3. Lower Gangetic plain region 4. Middle Gangetic plain region 5. Upper Gangetic plain region 6. Trans-Gangetic plain region 7. Eastern plateau and hill region 8. Central plateau and hill region 9. Western plateau and hill region 10. Southern plateau and hill region 11. East coast plain and hill region 12. West coast plain and hill region 13. Gujarat plain and hill region 14. Western plain and hill region 15. Island region
254:
C
Solution: Plants with roots capable of penetrating rocks are termed chasmophytes. Chasmophytes grow in the fissures in rocks where soil or organic matter has accumulated. These plants are also known as Lithophytes, which grow in the crevices of rocks. Xerophytes are the plants that grow in the desert area and adapted to live in a dry habitat. Xanthophytes are yellow-green algae.
255:
D
Solution: Calvin - Benson cycle is a series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplast in photosynthetic organisms. This cycle was discovered by Melvin Calvin, James Bassham, and Andrew Benson at the University of California in the year 1950. This cycle is present in C3 plants, C4 plants and also in CAM plants.
256:
A
Solution: Sorghum is native to Africa with many cultivated forms and is an important crop worldwide. It is used for food, animal fodder, the production of alcoholic beverages and biofuels. Pusa chari is identified as a promising multicut forage sorghum hybrid resistant to various diseases with good yield.
257:
B
Solution: China is the largest producer and consumer of fertilizer with an output of 28.9 million metric tons. India is the third largest producer of fertilizer in the world after China and USA. The actual production of all the fertilizers was about 462.15 LMT in the year 2019 - 20.
258:
A
Solution: Urea is a nitrogenous fertilizer with the chemical formula CO(NH 2 ) 2 . In this compound, nitrogen exists in the amide form (–NH 2 ) . When urea is applied to the soil, it does not immediately release ammonical nitrogen . Instead, it first undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis by the enzyme urease , producing ammonia (NH 3 ) and then ammonium (NH 4 + ) . These are forms of ammonical nitrogen that plants can absorb. So, while plants eventually take up nitrogen in the ammonical form, the form in which urea initially provides nitrogen is the amide form . Why some people think the answer is Option B (Ammonical form): Because urea is rapidly converted in soil to ammonium, many people associate it directly with the ammonical form. However, the question is about the form in which urea provides nitrogen — not what it becomes later. So technically and accurately, the correct answer is amide form . Conclusion: Urea provides nitrogen in the amide form , which is later converted in the soil to ammonical form for plant uptake. Hence, the correct answer is Option A: Amide form .
259:
A
Solution: ICRAF stands for International Centre for Research in Agroforestry and it is an international institute headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya and formed in 1978. It specializes in the sustainable management, protection and regulation of tropical rainforests and natural reserves.
260:
D
Solution: A hard frost freezes water in the plant cells, causes dehydration and damage to the cell, and this phenomenon is termed frost damage. It causes much damage to the crop due to cell breakup because of water expansion.
261:
B
Solution: A tensiometer is a device used for measuring soil water tension. It is used at a pressure of 0 - 0.8 bar. It is effective up to a tension of 0.8 bar. At this pressure, air enters the closed system through the pores of the cup and makes the unit operative. It is useful to check the moisture in the soil and help in deciding when to irrigate the field.
262:
D
Solution: Option A: Southern hills The southern hills, including parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka, have hilly terrains, but shifting cultivation is not a dominant practice here. These regions mostly practice settled agriculture with crops like tea, coffee, and spices due to favorable climate and soil conditions. Shifting cultivation may occur in isolated tribal pockets, but it is not widespread. Option B: Western Ghats The Western Ghats stretch along the western coast of India and are known for their biodiversity and evergreen forests. Agricultural practices here include plantation crops such as rubber, coffee, tea, and spices. Shifting cultivation is not a common practice in this region, as the terrain and economic development favor permanent and commercial farming. Option C: Western Himalayan region The Western Himalayan region includes parts of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. This area is characterized by temperate climate and terraced farming on hilly slopes. The focus is on crops like barley, wheat, and maize. Shifting cultivation is rarely practiced here due to different cultural and environmental conditions. Option D: NE Himalayan region The North-Eastern Himalayan region, which includes states like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and parts of Assam and Tripura, is the primary area in India where shifting cultivation (jhum cultivation) is extensively practiced. Tribal communities clear forest patches by burning and then cultivate the land for a few years before moving to a new patch, allowing the old one to regenerate. This method is well-adapted to the hilly, forested terrain and cultural traditions of the region. Conclusion: Among all the options, the NE Himalayan region is the most appropriate and widely recognized region for shifting cultivation in India. Therefore, the correct answer is Option D: NE Himalayan region.
263:
B
Solution: Dehaulming in potatoes is the process of removing the vegetative part of the potato plant that is above the ground from the root. It is the pre-harvest practice done to allow hardening of the skin of potato tubers to reduce injuries and damage to potatoes during post-harvesting and supply.
264:
B
Solution: CIMAP stands for Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. It is a plant research laboratory of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) located in Lucknow. It is steering multidisciplinary high quality research in biological and chemical sciences and extending technologies and services to the farmers of medicinal and aromatic plants.
265:
B
Solution: The capacity of a soil to resist appreciable change in pH value is called Buffering capacity . It is the resistance in the soil to variations in pH and due to the colloidal humus and clay fractions. It allows the soil to resist any change.
266:
D
Solution: The fields of Sugarcane require the highest amount of water, the yield is good when water is available in excess amount all the time, especially at the crucial stages of irrigation.
267:
C
Solution: Sugarcane is the main producer of sugar and sugar beet is the second most crop to contribute to sugar production. Sugar beet contains approximately 16% of sugar in it. Hence Cluster bean is not a sugar crop. It is an annual legume crop.
268:
B
Solution: Postponing of first irrigation to 40 - 45 days after sowing is always preferable for the cotton crop to prevent excessive vegetative growth. The water requirement of cotton is low during the first 60 - 70 days after sowing & highest during flowering and ball development.
269:
D
Solution: Gypsum is very source of calcium and Sulphur which can improve the yield and quality of plants. Application of gypsum encourages pod formation and better filling up of the pods of groundnuts. Gypsum act as a soil amendment agent and reduces soil erosion by increasing the ability of soil to soak up water after precipitation hence reducing runoff.
270:
B
Solution: Propanil is the herbicide used for the treatment of several types of grass and broad leaved weeds on a rice plantation. It should be applied after 6 - 8 days after transplanting. Propanil is an acetanilide post emergence herbicide with no residual effect.
271:
C
Solution: 1 hectare meter is equal to 10000 cubic meters.
272:
B
Solution: Central Rice Research Institute was set up on 23 rd April 1946, at Bidhyadharpur, Cuttack, Odisha on an experimental farm land later it was established under ICAR in 1966.
273:
B
Solution: Sugar beet and sugarcane both are used in the production of sugar. Sugar beet is the long day plant means it requires more than 12 hours of daylight for proper fruiting and flowering and synthesis of sugar whereas sugar cane is a short day plant which means 8 hours of daylight is also appropriate for food synthesis in cane.
274:
B
Solution: Topping or pinching is the method of removing the top or aerial part of the plant to avoid the seed formation process in the plant and it helps in making the plant bushy. Hence this practice in the safflower flower promotes branching and flowering.
275:
D
Solution: Jute is one of the most affordable natural fibers, it is also called "golden fiber" because of its colour and high cash value. Some of the features like discolouration of fibre and very short fibre strands attribute to low quality jute fibre.
276:
C
Solution: Sugar cane is a tropical as well as subtropical crop and grows well in a hot and humid climate with a temperature of 25 to 30 degrees celcius. It is a short day plant that requires a maximum of 8 hrs of daylight and annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm.
277:
B
Solution: The field water use efficiency (WUE) is the ratio between the dry matter production of a plant (the output) divided by evapotranspiration. Thus the equation for WUE is: WUE = $$frac{{ ext{Y}}}{{{ ext{ET}}}}$$ Y = Dry matter production (Kilogram/hectare) ET = Evapotranspiration (in mm)
278:
C
Solution: The fruit of linseed is called a seed ball. Fruit is a capsule, globular in shape mostly indehiscent. Seeds are compressed shining yellow or light brown. It has been grown since ancient times for fiber and for its seeds which are rich in oil.
279:
C
Solution: Jute is harvested any time between 120 days to 150 days, after the shedding of flowers or with the start of the small pod stage. Early harvesting gives good quality fibers and yield. The stems of harvested plants are bundled and immersed in water for 10 to 15 days, then after rotting, fibres are separated by hand.
280:
A
Solution: CPRI is a governmental organization that works under ICAR and is located in the capital of Himachal Pradesh that is Shimla, near Bemloe. The main objective of this institute is “varietal development and identify improved production technologies for potato in different agro-climatic regions”
281:
B
Solution: Triticum aestivum is the scientific name of common bread wheat. It is cultivated for about 95% of total wheat cultivation worldwide. Wheat belongs to the Poaceae family and is the most widely grown of all crops and the cereal with the highest monetary yield.
282:
D
Solution: Azolla is a mosquito fern or water fern that belongs to the genus of seven species of aquatic ferns in the family Salviniaceae. It is very helpful in Rice plantations. The possible limitation in the effective usage of Azolla is less availability of water, a low survival rate during summer and the problem of transportation.
283:
B
Solution: Dehaulming in potato production is the practice of detaching the vegetative part of the potato plant, found above the ground from the root tubers. It is the pre-harvest practice aimed at hardening the skin of the tubers which provides the best quality seed tubers.
284:
C
Solution: Nitrogen is the most essential element for plant growth and it is the common element for glycoproteins, Nucleic acids and Chlorophyll. Nitrogen plays a critical role within the plant to ensure energy is available when and where the plant needs it to optimize yield.
285:
C
Solution: AICRP is the All India Coordinated Research Project on sugarcane that was set up in 1970 - 1971. Its main objective is to evaluate varieties under location-specific conditions in addition to multilocation testing of production and develop technologies to protect the crops.
286:
D
Solution: China is the top country in wheat production. About two-thirds of the total wheat production came from the North China plain. As per the reports, total wheat production in china was 1,34,250 thousand tons in 2020, which is 20.66% of the world's wheat production.
287:
C
Solution: CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), is a photosynthetic adaption to periodic water supply, in the plants occurring in Arid regions. Thus, the plants that grow in a dry environment, like cactus and pineapples show the CAM pathway to stay hydrated and minimize the photorespiration process in such plants. And that is why they are called CAM plants.
288:
D
Solution: Clay in the loamy soil has the highest cation exchange capacity. It is highest in montmorillonite clay, which is present in chocolate soils and black alluvial soils. CEC is cation exchange capacity is the capacity to attract and hold cations because of its chemical structure.
289:
A
Solution: Potato is the stem tuber that belongs to the Solanaceae family. These are enlarged and modified stems or stolons that thicken to develop into storage organs of the plant. It stores the food of the plant i.e. starch also called starchy tubers.
290:
D
Solution: Rice is the one of staple crops of our country, it belongs to the Kharif season crop. Rice growth and production are affected by the environment, soil properties, biotic conditions, and cultural practices. Environmental factors include rainfall and water, temperature, photoperiod, and solar radiation. Rice yields are higher during the dry season mainly due to higher solar radiation.
291:
B
Solution: Kyoto protocol is the protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change. It is an international treaty that was adopted in December 1997 and is named after a Japanese city called Kyoto. It aims to reduce the emission of gases that contribute to global warming. Greenhouse gases are the most common factor leading to global warming in the world.
292:
A
Solution: Every hybrid seeds or crop produced on a commercial scale have some unique qualities other than natural ones. Apart from high yield, they may also have pest control, a taste enhancer, good nutrient quality, etc. likewise hybrid maize also shows high yield unlike natural maize i.e. 20 kg/hectare for CO 1 and TNAU maize hybrid CO 6 and 25 kg/ha for COBC 1.
293:
B
Solution: Brassica is the genus of any mustard but the species differ. So, the scientific name of Indian mustard is Brassica juncea. Commonly also called Brown mustard, Chinese mustard, Indian mustard, leaf mustard, oriental mustard and vegetable mustard.
294:
C
Solution: Mycoherbicide is an herbicide based on fungus. As the name suggests myco refers to fungi and herbicide is the substance that acts as a poison to herbs or weeds. It is a biological agent which produces toxins to act upon the targeted plants. And Collego is a wettable powder formulation of Collectotrichum gloesporoids which is one of the very effective herbicides available on market.
295:
D
Solution: Sunflower oil is considered one of the healthy options in oils because it contains high quantities of unsaturated fatty acids. It contains more than 80% of monounsaturated fats which makes it healthy for our hearts. It helps in maintaining a balance in our bodies. Moreover, it does not contain any saturated fat which leads to high cholesterol levels in our body i.e. no bad cholesterol ultimately a healthy heart and healthy body.
296:
A
Solution: * Relative weeds are plants that are closely related to the crop you're trying to grow. * Think of it like this: if you're growing a specific type of rice, but a different variety of rice grows in the same field, that different rice variety acts like a weed. * It competes for resources like sunlight, water, and nutrients just like a typical weed would. Now let's look at why the other options aren't correct: * Option B: Plants of other crop in the crop field This describes a volunteer plant or a weed but not specifically a "relative weed." * Option C: Seasonal weeds in the crop field This is a general description of common weeds that appear during a specific season. * Option D: All of these Since A is the only correct answer, this option is incorrect. So, relative weeds are essentially unwanted varieties of the same crop growing alongside the desired variety.
297:
C
Solution: Subsidy on fertilizers was announced by the Government of India in years 73 - 74 due to a rise in prices but acted with effect from 1 st November 1977. It was named DBT i.e Direct Benefit Transfer scheme in fertilizers. Under this scheme, the farmers will get the subsidy amount directly in their bank accounts for the purchase of fertilizers. This was an excellent initiative taken for farmers which lead to high quality and productive farms in India.
298:
C
Solution: Excess uptake of potassium is known as luxury consumption. It is the tendency of some crops that can absorb nutrients in excess when available in abundance in soil but at the same time, it does not influence yield.
299:
C
Solution: The application of nitrogen in pulses at the time of planting is known as the starter dose . It is well known that legumes require nitrogen in abundance so nitrogen fixing bacteria are also present at root nodules for fixing nitrogen available in the atmosphere for more protein synthesis in seeds that is why legumes are rich in protein. So, once at the time of sowing dose of nitrogen is given to plants later they produce their own by symbiotic association with bacteria.
300:
D
Solution: Rice, Oryza sativa is believed to be originated from India. Historians believe that the indica variety of rice was first domesticated in the area covering the eastern Himalayas (north-eastern India), stretching through Burma (now called Myanmar), Thailand, Vietnam and southern China.
301:
A
Solution: Dormancy is a strategical condition of higher plants to survive adverse conditions by pausing growth and development, and it can occur in any organ like seeds or buds, etc. It can be controlled both by genetic and environmental factors. While Potassium nitrate is the strongest chemical used for breaking dormancy.
302:
A
Solution: A mint is a name of an industry that manufactures coins that can be used as currency. The first mint was established in Lydia in the 7 th century BC for coining gold, silver and electrum.
303:
B
Solution: Khaira disease is associated with paddy. It is a micro nutritional deficiency disease characterized by the presence of dusty brown patches on leaves which ultimately undergo necrosis. It affects the leaf of the plant because of which the rate of photosynthesis is decreased ultimately affecting the production. The essential nutrient responsible for khaira disease in rice is Zinc.
304:
B
Solution: PSM i.e. Phosphate solubilizing microbes are a group of beneficial microbes present in organic matter of soil that makes insoluble phosphate available to plants by mineralization process, they make it soluble which is then easily absorbed and assimilated by plants. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was reported first time as a promising phosphate solubilizer and biofertilizer.
305:
B
Solution: Parshall flume is an open channel flow metering device that was developed to measure the flow of surface waters and irrigation flows. It is a fixed hydraulic structure. It is used to measure volumetric flow rate in industrial discharges, municipal sewer lines, and influent/effluent flows in treatment plants also.
306:
D
307:
D
Solution: The minimum percentage of clay in clayey soil is 40% and the maximum is 100%. The easiest way to recognize the clay soil is to check if the water sits around the soil after a rain, or if the soil is sticky, then it is considered clay soil.
308:
C
Solution: The farmer first is a concept developed by ICAR. It stands for farmer's Farm, Innovations, Resources, Science and Technology (FIRST) . ICAR has proposed this concept to keep the farmer in a central role for all research programs for identification, prioritization, and conduct of experiments and its management in farmer's conditions.
309:
B
Solution: The planting material usually made up of immature cane is known as seed pieces or setts. Nearly 35000 three budded setts are required to be planted per hectare in the northern region while in the southern region it ranges between 25,000 to 40,000 three budded setts.
310:
B
Solution: CAZRI stands for Central Arid Zone Research Institute and was established in 1959 under ICAR and headquartered in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. It is one of the first institutes in the world exclusively devoted to farming in arid zone research and development.
311:
A
Solution: ICAR, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, is the apex body for coordinating, guiding, and managing research and education in agriculture in the entire country. Dr. Trilochan Mohapatra is secretary (DARE) and director general of ICAR appointed on 22 nd February 2016. He has served the National Centre on Plant Biotechnology, IARI, New Delhi as a researcher for about 20 years. He is a scientist of global repute working in the areas of molecular genetics and genomics.
312:
A
Solution: Wheat cultivation requires at least 3 - 5 irrigation depending on soil type and rainfall. CRI is the crown root initiation stage and flowering are the most critical stages for irrigation.
The transition zone between root and shoot is known as crown root initiation, and it is the stage when first irrigation is given to the wheat plantation.
313:
C
Solution: West Bengal is the largest producer of Rice in India. The total production of Rice was 15.57 million tons in 2020 and almost half of its arable land is under rice cultivation. The hot and humid climate along with the heavy rainfall area makes it suitable for the growth and yield of this tropical plant.
314:
A
Solution: Dry farming is farming in dryland, the cultivation of crops in areas of limited moisture and without irrigation. It aims at efficient storage of the limited moisture in the soil and the selection of crops and growing methods that make the best use of moisture. The first dry farming Research station, in India, was Manjri and it was started in 1923.
315:
C
Solution: Aus type rice is similar to indica. Aus type native Indian variety but has a distinct genetic group. It is sown in summer during May - June, along with pre-monsoonal falls, and harvested in autumn.
316:
A
Solution: Wheat (Triticum) is the cereal grain that has the maximum area coverage under cultivation in the world. The total global production of wheat was 760 million tons in 2020. China, India and Russia are the three largest producers of wheat in the world, accounting for 41% of total production.
317:
B
Solution: To find the seed rate per hectare, we have to divide the number of seeds needed by the number of seeds per kg, and multiplying this times the size of the field in hectares will give the total amount of seeds required. The required plant population of a gram may be obtained by using a seed rate of 75 - 100 kg/ha.
318:
A
Solution: The seed rate of sorghum is 12 - 15 Kilogram/hectare with row to row spacing of 45 cm and plant to plant spacing of 15 cm. Sorghum is an ancient grain, a protein source and is full of nutrients. It is a versatile crop that can be grown as grain, forage or sweet crop.
319:
C
Solution: The correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of the closeness of association of the points in a scatter plot to a linear regression line based on the points. Possible values of the correlation coefficient range from -1 to +1, -1 indicates a perfectly linear negative i.e. inverse correlation and +1 indicates a perfect linear positive correlation.
320:
C
Solution: Triticum spherococcum is the first Indian dwarf wheat. this is found in limited areas of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh of India.
It is a hexaploid species and this belongs to the club wheat of western countries. It is characterized by very short and compact heads having shorter grains. It contains 42 chromosomes.
321:
C
Solution: CAN is Calcium ammonium nitrate, also known as nitro lime stone or nitrochalk. It is a widely used inorganic neutral fertilizer, accounting for 4% of consumption out of all nitrogen fertilizers used worldwide. It is hygroscopic and its Dissolution in water is endothermic.
322:
B
Solution: A Jelmeter is a graduated glass tube with an opening at each end. It is an index to the amount of sugar to be used. It also determines the amount of pectin in fruit juice. When the Jelmeter shows its reading $$frac{3}{4}$$ then 750 gms of sugar should be added to the solution.
323:
B
Solution: The first hybrid maize Ganga-I was developed in India in 1961. After characterization and classification of Indian land races and simultaneous effects for extracting inbred lines both from indigenous and exotic materials, the first set of yellow double cross hybrids were released as Ganga-1, Ganga 101, Deccan, Ranjit .
324:
B
Solution: Berseem is the "king of berseem", one of the most important leguminous annual fodder. It gives 5 - 7 cuts in a year during the winter, spring, and early summer seasons. Usually, chicory is found admixed with berseem seed. Since the size of chicory and berseem seed is the same. To remove chicory seeds, a 10% common salt solution is used.
325:
A
Solution: C : N ratio is Carbon to Nitrogen ratio in green manure. Carbon and nitrogen are the most important of the many elements required for microbial decomposition of organic matter to produce compost. In good quality, the manure C/N ratio should not be more than 10.
326:
A
Solution: Winged bean is the vegetable crop known as the vegetable of the 20 th century. Winged bean is also known as goa bean, cigarillos, and dragon bean. It is a herbaceous tropical plant. It is rich in nutrients and all parts of the plant are edible. Leaves are eaten like spinach, flowers can be used in salads, tubers can be eaten raw or cooked and seeds can be used as soybean.
327:
C
Solution: Rainfall intensity is generally higher on and near the equator. And this happens because the northeast trade winds and southwest trade winds converge in a low-pressure zone known as the intertropical convergence zone. Solar heating in the region forces air to rise through convection which results in excess precipitation near to equatorial region.
328:
D
Solution: The Dapog method is a method of raising a dense stand of seedlings with no contact with soil. This method of raising nurseries has been introduced in India by the Philippines. It has been adopted by some farmers in Andhra Pradesh for raising seedlings. It saves almost half of the time in seedling raising. The main merit of the method is that it requires less area for nurseries.
329:
D
Solution: Rajendra Singh is known as the "Water man of India". He was born on 6 th August 1959 in Alwar, Rajasthan, he is an Indian water conservationist and environmentalist. He runs an NGO called “Tarun Bharat Sangh” (TBS) which was founded in 1975 to fight slow bureaucracy and to help villagers take charge of water management in their semi-arid area as it lies close to the Thar desert. TBS helped build over 8600 johads and water conservation storage tanks to collect rainwater for dry seasons and has brought water to 1000 villages and also received five rivers in Rajasthan.
330:
A
Solution: The ozone layer is covers or earth like a blanket and protects us by absorbing harmful ultra violet radiation (UV-B) from the Sunlight. when an ozone molecule absorbs UV-B it comes apart into an oxygen molecule and a separate oxygen atom O which combines later to form an ozone molecule.
331:
A
Solution: GBPUAT is also known as G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology established in 1960 in Pant Nagar, Uttarakhand, is the first Established Agriculture University in the nation. It was a symbolic expression of the collective will of the Nation to march towards self-sufficiency in food production through integrated teaching, research and extension.
332:
C
Solution: Root exudates are waste fluids emitted through the roots of any plant, which influence the rhizosphere in legume plants near the roots to inhibit harmful microbes and help in the proper growth of the plant. Psidic acid is secreted by roots of Pigeon pea also known as Red gram which releases Phosphorus by chelating Iron ions, resulting in increasing the mineral composition of mineral content which results in stimulated growth.
333:
C
Solution: CRIDA, Central Research Institute for dryland agriculture is a national research institute under ICAR is established in 1985 and is located in Hyderabad. The institute was set up to undertake agricultural research activities in the area of low rainfall.
334:
A
Solution: The potato plant is a perennial plant belonging to the family Solanaceae. The scientific name of potato is Solanum tuberosum. It is introduced to Europe from the Americas in the second half of the 16 th century by the Spanish. The potato is nightshade in the genus solanum.
335:
B
Solution: The seed rate of transplanted basmati rice is 35 - 40 Kilogram/hectare. Transplanting is the most common and elaborative method of crop establishment for Rice in Asia. Seedlings of rice grown in a nursery are taken and transplanted into well-leveled fields 15 - 40 days after seeding.
336:
D
Solution: Type-44 is a variety of Moongbean, developed by the cross of China Mung X Type 1. It is a short duration variety of 60 days. It is tolerant of powdery mildew and leaf spots. This variety is mainly grown in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, etc.
337:
C
Solution: Pigeon Pea sterility Mosaic Virus is transmitted by Eriophyid Mites, Aceria cajani . It is characterized by stunted and bushy plants, leaves of reduced size with chlorotic rings or mosaic symptoms, and partial or complete cessation of flower production which is sterility.
338:
B
Solution: Calcium is the structural component of the cell wall in plants, it activates enzymes, and also influences the movement of fluids and minerals in the cells. The presence of calcium is very necessary for cell growth and division
339:
B
Solution: Arrowing is known as the emergence of inflorescence in sugarcane. The inflorescence of sugarcane is a panicle known as an arrow . Generally, each flowering stalk terminates into a single arrow. Arrowing or flowering is not a desired trait of sugarcane from the point of production. Arrowing depends upon various factors like variety, cultural practices, and environmental parameters.
340:
B
Solution: Pulse crops belong to a family of legumes and they have the unique capability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen through their root nodules in symbiotic association with the bacterias. But Rajma (Phaseolus vulgaris) is the only pulse crop that does not fix nitrogen from the atmosphere.
341:
B
342:
B
Solution: NBSS stands for National Bureau of Soil Survey the headquarters of the Bureau is shifted to Nagpur in June 1978. CSSRI stands for central soil Salinity Research Institute located in Karnal, Haryana, India. IPC is an International Petroleum Company, settled in Peru. ILCA stands for The International Livestock Centre for Africa and is located in Ethiopia.
343:
C
Solution: A flame Photometer is a device used in inorganic chemical analysis to determine the concentration of certain metal ions like Sodium, Potassium, lithium and calcium. It works on the principle of a controlled flame test with the intensity of the flame colour quantified by photoelectric circuitry.
344:
D
Solution: Plants are classified based on the requirement of daylight for their proper growth and development i.e. long day plants and short day plants. The plants which require more than twelve hours of daylight are termed as long day plants. Whereas the plants which need less than 8 hours of daylight are short-day plants. Out of the given options Lobia, pea and berseem are long day plants, whereas oat is a short day plant.
345:
A
Solution: With the adequate availability of water for irrigation 4 - 6 irrigation is required for proper yield in wheat crop. It also depends on the soil type and rainfall. The crown root initiation (CRI) stage is the first recommended and crucial stage of irrigation.
346:
A
Solution: Out of the given options, Silverfish is not a fish it is an insect. It is a species of small, primitive, wingless insect in the order Zygentoma. It is silvery or light grey, combined with a fish-like appearance in its movements.
347:
A
Solution: HD-2009 is a high-yielding double dwarf variety, highly resistant to rust. It is sensitive to 2, 4D. whereas 2, 4D is an herbicide that kills plants also it is a plant growth regulator.
348:
A
Solution: Anaerobic condition in the rice field is responsible for gaseous loss of nitrogen by Denitrification . It is the microbial process of reducing nitrate and nitrite to gaseous forms of nitrogen, principally nitrous oxide and nitrogen. Nitrogen loss by anaerobic oxidation of ammonium in the rice rhizosphere.
349:
C
Solution: Maize is the first hybrid crop variety developed in India, followed by Bajra, Cotton and Rice. The first hybrid variety of maize, Ganga-1, was developed in 1961. The first hybrid variety of Bajra was released in 1965, developed by Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, and was called HB1. H4 was the first hybrid variety of cotton released in 1970, developed by Cotton Research Station Surat. Krh-1 was the nation’s first hybrid variety of rice with the aroma of basmati rice.
350:
B
Solution: The seed rate of hybrid maize is about 20 - 25 kg/hectare. For good yield, the selection of quality seeds is very important along with all the favourable parameters provided. The hybrid seed varieties like CO1, CO6, TNAU, etc., give a good yield.
351:
C
Solution: Pusa bedana is the seedless variety of watermelon developed at IARI, Pusa. It is a triploid variety of watermelon. It was developed by crossing Tetra-2 (a tetraploid) with Pusa rasaal (a diploid). A seedless watermelon is a sterile hybrid that is created by crossing the male pollen (22 chromosomes) of a watermelon with a female watermelon flower (44 chromosomes per cell).
352:
A
Solution: Cropping intensity is the ratio of gross area sown to the net area sown. It refers to growing several crops in the same field during one agricultural year. $$eqalign{
& { ext{Cropping Intensity}} cr
& = frac{{{ ext{Gross Croped Area}}}}{{{ ext{Net Sown Area}}}} imes 100 cr
& = frac{{50}}{{20}} imes 100 cr
& = 250\% cr} $$ Gross cropped area = 50 Net Sown area = 20
353:
D
Solution: Groundnuts probably originated in Peru or Brazil in South America. It was introduced into India by Jesuit Fathers (missionaries) in the first half of the 16 th century. It was introduced in Gujarat by Shri Padmabhai Patel (Rajkot) from Tamil Nadu. It is a leguminous crop cultivated for edible purposes, and it is an oil seed too. It is grown exclusively in tropical and subtropical regions.
354:
D
Solution: Photorespiration is the process in plant metabolism where the enzyme RuBisCO oxygenates RuBP, wasting some of the energy produced by photosynthesis. C4 plants do not show photorespiration as these plants maintain a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the bundle sheath cells and the absence of grana ensures no release of oxygen due to photolysis. Thus, photorespiration is absent in such plants. And maize is one of the C4 plants.
355:
B
Solution: The Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI) was established in 1952 under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi and is headquartered in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. It has the distinction of being the world's first institute that is exclusively devoted to agricultural research and development in an arid zone. It aims to conduct multidisciplinary research to seek solutions to the problems faced by farmers in the arid zone.
356:
A
Solution: A total of 143 million hectares of geographic land is agricultural land in our country, out of which approximately 45% - 48% is rainfed, which relies on irrigation to fulfill the water requirements of the plants. And this percentage is about 50 million hectares.
357:
D
Solution: Cumin seed is a tiny dried seed that comes from a herbaceous plant that belongs to the family Umbelliferae. The other herb plants in this family are parsley, carrots, dill and caraway. Cumin is durable and adaptable to both warm and cool climates. It is easily grown around the world. India is the largest producer as well as consumer of cumin.
358:
B
Solution: A happy seeder is a tractor-mounted machine that cuts and lifts rice straw remains after harvesting, sows wheat seed into the soil and again covers the field by putting straw over the sown area as mulch. So, it fulfills only two principles of C. A. (Conservation Agriculture), i.e., tillage and mulching.
359:
B
Solution: The base period for any crop is the total period of the plantation from the day of first irrigation provided to the field till the last watering before harvesting. The formula to calculate Base period $$Delta = frac{{{ ext{B}} imes 24 imes 60 imes 60}}{{{ ext{D}} imes { ext{104}}}} = frac{{8.64{ ext{B}}}}{{ ext{D}}}{ ext{ metres}}$$ Where, D = Duty in hectares/cumec = 1200 hectares/cumec $$Delta $$ = Total depth of water supplied in metres (Delta) = 50 cm = 0.5 m B = Base period in days Therefore, $${ ext{B}} = frac{{0.5 imes 1200}}{{8.64}} = 69.44 = 70{ ext{ days approx}}{ ext{..}}$$
360:
C
Solution: Oryza is a genus of plants in the grass family. It includes the major food crop rice. It consists of 24 species and taxa. There are four major categories of rice worldwide: Indica, Japonica, aromatic and glutinous. Members of the genus grow as tall, wetland grasses, growing to 1 - 2 meters tall, the genus includes both annual and perennial species.
361:
C
Solution: Conservation agriculture is based on three main principles: i. Minimum mechanical soil disturbance. (i.e. no tillage) ii. Permanent soil organic cover minimum of 30% with crop residues or cover crops. iii. Species diversification.
362:
B
Solution: Oats are Mediterranean origin crops belonging to the family Poaceae. The scientific name of oats is Avena sativa. There is more than 70 variety of oats available but only a few are being cultivated and Kent, Coachman and Fleming gold are varieties of oats. Kent was released in 1975 and is introduced in the USA and is resistant to rust and blight.
363:
D
Solution: An uncoupler or uncoupling agent is a molecule that disrupts oxidative phosphorylation in prokaryotes and mitochondria or photophosphorylation in chloroplasts by dissociating the reactions of ATP synthesis from the electron transport chain. Uncouplers are capable of transporting protons through mitochondria and lipid membranes. It also disrupts the electrochemical potential gradient.
364:
A
Solution: Nitrogen fixation is one of the important characteristics of legumes, they are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in symbiotic association with Rhizobium bacteria. There are several methods available to quantify nitrogen fixation and the most common method is the Acetylene Reduction assay.
365:
C
Solution: India is entirely dependent on imports to meet the Potash demand (K-fertilizers) . India's dependency on imports at present is approx. 25% for urea, (0% in case of Phosphates and 100% in case of Potash.
All the potassium based fertilizer required by the farmers of our country is imported. India imports nearly 3.5 million tonnes of potash every year from Canada, Israel and Jordan.
366:
B
Solution: TPH in tractors stands for Three point Hinge. This design used with agricultural tractors is quite evolved and it increases the efficiency of tractors. It provides accurate control determined by the operator. TPH 280, and 290 come with hydraulic electro distributors provided with a multifunctional joystick to ensure a sensitive control of the tools.
367:
A
Solution: Non–governmental organization portal i.e. NGO is i-kisan . i-kisan is an agricultural portal a one stop information resource center for the farmer. It provides the development and dissemination of best practices and information through a unique multi lingual information website for the agricultural sector.
368:
D
Solution: Adsali crop of sugarcane is planted in June/July. Sugarcane is an intermediate day length perennial plant. Adsali crop plantation is mainly followed in low rainfall areas of Maharashtra and the crop remains in the field for 18 months. This practice provides a longer period for vegetative growth therefore it gives a higher yield, approximately 1000 - 1200 quintal/hectare.
369:
D
Solution: Wheat is a cereal grain and worldwide staple food. The archaeological record suggests that wheat was first cultivated in the regions of the fertile crescent around 9600 BCE. It originated in the Mediterranean region, the "Cradle of civilization" in the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys.
370:
B
Solution: Vigna radiata is the scientific name of the Mung bean also known as Green Gram. It is a crop of the legume family i.e. Fabaceae, cultivated mainly in the East, Southeast and South Asia. It is an annual vine with yellow flowers and fuzzy brown pods and a well-developed root system.
371:
C
Solution: Lllite is a group of closely related non-expanding clay minerals. It is a secondary mineral precipitate and an example of phyllosilicate, or layered alumino-silicate. Its structure is a 2 : 1 sandwich of silica tetrahedron (T) - alumina octahedron (O) - silica tetrahedron (T) layer. Illite is a clay mineral is rich in potash.
372:
D
Solution: Eriophyid mites are translucent, cigar-shaped microscopic mites that cause deformities on many plant species including pigeon pea. It helps in the transmission of pigeon pea sterility mosaic disease (SMD) caused by a mosaic virus. SMD is also known as 'Green Plaque' is an evolving disease that leads to a great loss of yield.
373:
B
Solution: IR8 is a high-yielding semi-dwarf variety of rice developed by IRRI in early 1960, also known as miracle rice celebrate for fighting famine and played a significant role in the Green revolution. It was introduced in India from the Philippines in November 1966.
374:
B
Solution: Dendrometer is the instrument that measures the dimensions of trees, such as the diameter of their trunk, its size, shape, age, overall volume, the thickness of the bark, etc. It helps in the analysis of tree stands, diameter at breast height, the height of the tree, contraction, and relaxation of vessels, and horizontal dimension of the canopy.
375:
B
Solution: Simazine is a selective herbicide used for the control of broadleaf weeds and annual grasses. It is recommended to be given in kg of a.i/ha or a.i %. Formula: $$eqalign{
& { ext{Amount of herbicide}} cr
& = { ext{ }}frac{{{ ext{recommened rate}} imes { ext{spray area}}}}{{{ ext{a}}{ ext{.i }}\% { ext{ of WG/WP/Dust}}}} imes { ext{100}} cr
& { ext{Amount of Simazine required}} cr
& = frac{{left( {3 imes 0.2}
ight)}}{{80}} imes 100 cr
& = 0.75{ ext{ kg}} cr} $$
376:
D
Solution: Rotation of crops is a cultivation practice that is very good for maintaining soil fertility. Out of the following options, Soybean - Wheat - Greengram is the best crop rotation crop. Legume crops help in recharging the nitrogen content of the soil and sustain soil fertility without the need of applying fertilizers.
377:
A
Solution: When any photosynthetic plants yield 3-carbon acid or 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA) as their first product during the carbon dioxide fixation is termed as C 3 mechanism and C 3 plants. Most C 3 plants have no special features to combat photorespiration. The first step in the Calvin cycle is the fixation of carbon dioxide by Rubisco, thus all the grain legumes have high photorespiration because of the C 3 mechanism.
378:
C
Solution: Taichung Native 1 (TN1) is a popular variety of Rice (Paddy) that was developed in Taiwan and introduced to India. It is also a semi-dwarf variety of rice and played a key role in a green revolution. It is also used as a susceptible check for insect and pathogen resistance studies.
379:
A
Solution: Gluten protein present in wheat is the most important substance in making bread from wheat because it provides the elasticity and extensibility required to make bread. It adds texture and viscous properties to our bread.
380:
A
Solution: Saltation is the process in which the sediment particles are transported in a series of irregular bounces or short jumps along the ground surface. The soil carried in the saltation process is of particle size 0.1 to 0.5 mm, which is light enough to be lifted and large enough to be suspended.
381:
A
Solution: Durum wheat is spring wheat and it is not much grown in India, despite that it is grown mainly in the central zone which includes the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, South Rajasthan and Maharashtra. Although durum wheat is known for its high protein content it is not so good to prepare chapatis, hence extensively grown for pasta production.
382:
A
Solution: HB-1 is the first hybrid of bajra (pearl millet) released in India in 1965 . It was developed through a cross between Tift-23-A (a male sterile line) and BIL-3B (a restorer line). This hybrid was part of the initial efforts in hybrid bajra breeding and marked a significant milestone in Indian agronomy. Tift-23-A played a crucial role as a cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line, which is essential for hybrid seed production. The successful release of HB-1 demonstrated the potential of hybrid technology in improving pearl millet yields in India.
383:
C
Solution: Kabuli gram i.e. chickpeas is a type of legume and it belongs to Leguminosae or Fabaceae family. It is an annual plant and is widely grown for its nutritional value. The main characteristic of this family is the presence of rhizomes in the root nodules of the plant for atmospheric nitrogen fixation by the bacteria present in the soil.
384:
C
Solution: Zero–the till-seed drill is most commonly used for sowing wheat crops in unprepared fields used just after harvesting paddy. Undoubtedly it saves money, time and labor. It also saves one pre irrigation. While it is done by the use of an instrument that has a high speed furrow opener and accurate seed dropping technique. A very durable and reliable product that ensures zero tillage of seeds.
385:
C
Solution: Zinc is one of the essential elements in paddy plants as it involves nitrogen assimilation and protein metabolism. And at the same time availability of zinc is lower in submerged fields like paddy plantations in comparison to normal upland fields. So, it is required to add zinc rich fertilizers to the paddy fields approximately 25 kg per hectare.
386:
D
Solution: The first commercial cotton hybrid in the world, Hybrid-4, was released in 1970 in India. Hybrid-4 marked a significant milestone in cotton production as it was the first hybrid variety developed for large-scale commercial cultivation. This hybrid offered higher yields and better adaptability compared to traditional cotton varieties, revolutionizing cotton farming practices. Note: Its development showcased the potential of hybrid technology in improving agricultural productivity.
387:
B
Solution: Our atmosphere is a mixture of gases. Although its main constituents are nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). It also contains gases like carbon dioxide, ozone, argon and traces of other neon, helium, methane, krypton, and hydrogen. Undoubtedly the role of ozone in our atmosphere is inimitable.
388:
C
Solution: PDM 11 is one of the varieties of mung bean also called green gram. It is an early maturing variety and tolerant to powdery mildew and leaf spots. Moreover, it is a short duration variety of 60 days. It was developed by crossing china mung X Type 1.
389:
C
Solution: The trench method is also known as the Java method of planting sugarcane. In this method, trenches at a distance of 75 - 90 cm are dug with the help of a ridger or manually to save the cop from lodging. This practice is used mostly in coastal areas where the crops grow very tall and the strong winds during the rainy season cause lodging of canes.
390:
A
Solution: The ripening process in rice includes young panicle formation to heading and flowering and the other from fertilization to grain maturation. Because rice is a tropical crop, the average temperature during the growing season is between 20° and 25° C, with plenty of sunshine throughout its life cycle.
391:
C
Solution: The dough stage of any agricultural crop means when the kernels or seeds are well filled, and on squeezing the liquid comes out as a dough like consistency, hence termed the dough stage. It refers to the stage of seed kernels from milking to hardening.
392:
C
Solution: Of these gases, CFC, i.e., chlorofluorocarbons, cause major destruction to the ozone layer, which shields the earth from harmful ultra-violet radiation. The most common sources of CFCs are refrigerants used in AC and refrigerators, while aircraft halon and aerosol sprays also emit CFCs into the atmosphere.
393:
B
Solution: ABA (abscisic acid) is an important plant hormone that regulates numerous aspects of plant growth, development, and stress responses. Violaxanthin is the precursor of Abscisic acid. A Whereas Precursor is any substance, mostly enzymes, which on application to an inactive substance converts it to an active one. Hence, violaxanthin activates abscisic acid for its work.
394:
C
Solution: Intercropping is the practice of growing two or more crops on the same agricultural land in a season. It is very beneficial as it leads to increased profit, ergonomic usage of the land and prevention of soil erosion. It also adds nutrients to the soil for the main crop. It mainly adds an advantage in yield due to the development of temporal complementarity as well as spatial complementarity.
395:
A
Solution: The inflorescence is nothing but the arrangement of flowers on the plant. The stem holding the whole inflorescence is called a peduncle. The inflorescence of wheat is spike spikelet, a type of racemose inflorescence, in a common language also called ear.
396:
D
Solution: The first genetically modified potato developed at CPRI (Central Potato Research Institute) is named Protato . It was created to increase the protein content of potatoes and it contains nearly 60% more protein than a regular potato. To make this hybrid, the genes from potato plants are crossed with the genes from grain amaranthus .
397:
B
Solution: Beushening or cross ploughing is a condition of ploughing in a standing rice crop when the weeds grow simultaneously for up to 30 - 40 days. Then ploughing is done in a submerged rice field with 5 - 10 cm of water. It is a traditional rice cultivation technique, commonly used in rainfed regions of eastern India like Assam, Bihar, Orrisa and West Bengal.
398:
D
Solution: A rotovator is an agricultural implement that can serve both as a primary tillage implement and a secondary tillage implement, depending on its use and settings. As a primary tillage implement, a rotovator is used to perform deep soil tillage to break up hard and compacted soil, prepare the field for planting, and bury crop residues. It is capable of working at a greater depth and is often used to prepare the soil for the initial seedbed preparation. As a secondary tillage implement, a rotovator is used for shallow tillage after the primary tillage is done. It is used to create a finer seedbed, control weeds, and incorporate fertilizers or amendments into the soil. In this role, it helps in refining the soil structure and preparing it for planting. Since a rotovator can perform both primary and secondary tillage operations, the correct answer is " D. Both A and B ."
399:
C
Solution: Out of the following options SSP is the fertilizer that supplies three essential plant nutrients. SSP is single superphosphate, the first commercial mineral fertilizer. It contains 3 major nutrients namely Phosphorus (14.5%), Sulphur (11%) and Calcium (21%). SSP helps in promoting root growth and improves soil texture.
400:
D
Solution: Nipping is a special practice in agriculture that involves plucking apical buds of the crops like gram. The main aim behind this practice is to stop apical growth and promotes lateral branching, which helps the plant produces more pods and flowers and increased yield.
401:
A
Solution: Golden Rice is a variety of rice produced through genetic engineering. It biosynthesizes beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A in edible parts of rice. That is why Golden rice is considered a rich source of Vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency causes Xeropthalmia, a condition such as night blindness. Thus, it can be given as a substitute to fulfill the need for vitamin A in our body.
402:
C
Solution: Paddy crops can be successfully grown under water-logged conditions because the needed oxygen is supplied from the follies part of the paddy to the roots. The Rice plant is adapted to waterlogging by forming aerenchyma and a barrier to radial oxygen loss in the roots.
403:
A
Solution: Alkali soils are clay soils with high pH greater than 8.5. Alkali soil is a poor soil structure and a low infiltration capacity. Beans, Beet, Cauliflower, Garlic, kale and pea are the vegetables that can be grown in alkaline soils. Whereas some crops increase the alkalinity of the soil and paddy is one of them.
404:
D
Solution: Maize is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous people in Southern Mexico. Maize has shown tremendous growth over the years especially since 2006 - 07, after the adoption of single cross hybrids, high quality seeds and improved technologies in the field. Out of 234 cultivars of maize, 132 are hybrids developed since 1961. Sangam is one of the hybrid varieties of maize.
405:
D
Solution: Groundnut belongs to the family legume and it has a variety of both nodulating as well as non-nodulating phenotypes. Non-nodulating lines of groundnut lines lack Root hairs while root hairs are observed at the site of lateral root emergence in nodulating groundnut.
406:
B
Solution: CPRI stands for Central Potato Research Institute and it is headquartered in Kufri, Shimla. It was shifted to Shimla in 1956 from Patna Bihar. There is a network of seven regional stations also which helps to carry overall the functioning of the institute. Its primary mandate is to undertake basic, strategic and applied research to enhance sustainability, productivity, quality and utilization of potatoes.
407:
C
Solution: A catch crop is a fast-growing crop that is grown between successive planting of the main crop. However, the growing of a crop after the failure of the main crop is also called a Catch crop. It refers to a specific type of succession planting.
408:
B
Solution: The optimum density or plant population for any field or cultivation results in mature plants that are sufficiently crowded to efficiently use resources such as water, nutrients, and sunlight, at the same time not so crowded that some plants die. For an optimum yield of maize, a population of 65 - 70 thousand plants should be there per hectare.
409:
A
Solution: Uttar Pradesh is divided into 9 agro-climatic zones based on rainfall and soil types. These are: 1. Tarai 2. Western Plain 3. Central western Plain 4. South Western Semi-Arid Plain 5. Central Plain 6. Bundelkhand 7. North Eastern Plain 8. Eastern Plain 9. Vindhyan Area
410:
B
Solution: The relationship between water and fertilizer as production factors in crops is Synergetic which means a cooperative mode of relation. Availability and absorption of fertilizer by plants depend upon the presence of water in the soil. Fertilizers provide all the essential nutrients to the plants through the soil and are absorbed and transferred to plants only in the presence of water.
411:
B
Solution: As per the Botanists, there is a total of 17 essential nutrients required by the plants for proper growth and development. These are Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulphur, Calcium, Magnesium, Boron, Chlorine, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Zinc and the last one is Nickel .
412:
B
Solution: Crown roots in wheat are those roots that emerge below the soil surface but above the seed that is at nodes above the coleoptile node. Crown roots are the secondary roots, which began with the appearance of tillers.
413:
C
Solution: The wet bed nursery is an area for germinating seeds of rice where there is enough water for irrigation. The soil in the field should be thoroughly puddled and leveled with proper drainage canals. Here, seedlings are ready for transplantation at an age of 20 - 25 days.
414:
A
Solution: Phosphatase enzymes play a major role in the Mineralization of Organic Phosphates. It also removes a phosphate group from a protein. These enzymes are produced by microorganisms in the soil and serve to remove a phosphate group from its substrate and transform the unavailable organic P into assimilable phosphate for the plants.
415:
A
Solution: Potato needs fertilizers in optimum amounts to increase the tuber size, weight and quality and also to reduce the number of non- marketable tubers. It requires Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in their external nutrition.
416:
A
Solution: Out of the given options, Acidic soil has better physical conditions than Saline soil, Saline Alkali soil and Degraded Alkali soil. Although, acidic soils have low availability of plant nutrients, such as phosphorus and molybdenum and increased availability of aluminum and manganese.
417:
C
Solution: Fluchloralin is one of the herbicides composed of dinitroaniline and is used to prevent the growth of grasses and weeds in cultivated crops like soybean. It is used in soybean as Pre-plant incorporation. As fluchloralin is a pre-sowing selective or pre-emergence herbicide.
418:
C
Solution: Paraquat is one of the non-selective herbicides while others Alachlor, Butachlor and Atrazine are selective Herbicides. Non-selective herbicides are those that can affect and kill any plant they will come in contact with not like selective ones that will target only a specific type. Non-selective can harm the main crop plant also on the application.
419:
B
Solution: The first agriculture university of India is located at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The name of the university is G. B. Pant University of Agriculture. It was inaugurated by Jawahar Lal Nehru on 17 th November 1960 as the “Uttar Pradesh Agricultural University”. The university is regarded as the Harbinger of the Green Revolution in India. The campus at Pantnagar is spread over an area of 12,661 acre which makes it the second largest university in the world.
420:
A
Solution: Moth bean (Vigna acontifolia) is a drought-resistant legume, commonly grown in arid regions of India. The Moth bean is a creeping annual herbaceous plant that grows to approximately 40 cm high belonging to the family Fabaceae. Because of its drought resistant qualities, its ability to combat soil erosion, and its high protein content it is identified as a significant food source. Area and production of moth bean have been highest in Rajasthan. It is 96.75% and 94.49% respectively.
421:
A
Solution: Brassica Juncea is a variety of mustard seeds, commonly known as Brown mustard, Chinese mustard, Indian Mustard, etc. It is an amphidiploid with a chromosome number of 18. It evolved after hybridization between B. nigra (n = 8) and B. compestris (n = 10). The type of hybridization is natural interspecific hybridization.
422:
B
Solution: Donald Forsa Jones was a maize scientist and practical corn breeder at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven introduced the technique of production of double cross hybrid maize. Double cross hybrid is the type of hybrid that is produced when two different single-cross hybrids are cross-pollinated.
423:
D
Solution: Out of the given options. Maximum edible oil in India is contributed by Groundnut. The total consumption of groundnut oil across India from the financial year 2021, is 1,170 thousand metric tons. Gujarat is the largest groundnut oil-producing state accounting for 40% of total groundnut produced in the country.
424:
D
Solution: Although plants respire and produce oxygen (O 2 ) then also the percentage of available oxygen gas is not found abundantly in the greenhouse. Levels of 8mg/l of oxygen are considered to be good for greenhouse production. Whereas CO 2 , NH 4 and N 2 O are available in abundance in the greenhouse.
425:
A
Solution: The inflorescence is the arrangement of the flowers on the plant and refers to the flower head of a plant including stems, stalks, bracts and flowers. The inflorescence of rice is a Panicle spikelet . the type of inflorescence is racemose type in Rice in which the flowers are borne on short stalks of about equal length at equal distances along an elongated axis and open in succession toward the apex.
426:
C
Solution: The process of formation of nitrogen and nitrous oxide gases from ammonical fertilizers in the soil is known as Denitrification . It is a microbially facilitated process where nitrate is reduced and ultimately produces molecular nitrogen through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products.
427:
A
Solution: Canola is a variety of rapeseed, which is a part of the mustard family i.e. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Canola oil is low in erucic acid, as opposed to colza oil. There are both edible and industrial forms produced from the seed of any of several cultivars of the plant family Brassicaceae.
428:
A
Solution: The sunflower scientifically known as Helianthus annus is the crop grown for its edible oil and seeds.
In 2020, world production of sunflower seeds was 50 million tons, led by Russia and Ukraine with 53% combined of total production. The optimum seed rate for sunflower is 8 - 10 kg/ha.
429:
D
Solution: Arhar also known as Pigeon pea or red gram, is a very old crop in our country. It is a leguminous crop, highly proteinaceous. Plume moth, Mod borer, and Leaf hopper are the serious insect pest of arhar. A plume moth is a brown-colored moth with fringed or plume like wings. Pod borer is the important insect pest of chick pea and it damages crop yield loss. A leafhopper is the minute insects are plant feeders that suck plant sap from grass, shrub and trees.
430:
A
Solution: Let's break down this question about plant growth measurements! First, what do these abbreviations mean? * RGR: Relative Growth Rate - How much a plant grows per unit of existing plant material per day. * CGR: Crop Growth Rate - How much a plant community (like a field of crops) grows per unit area per day. * LAI: Leaf Area Index - The total leaf area per unit ground area. * LAR: Leaf Area Ratio - The leaf area per unit of total plant dry weight. Now, let's consider realistic values: * RGR = 5 g/g/day: This would mean a plant *doubles* its size *five times* each day! This is incredibly fast and not generally possible for most plants. So, it is not a realistic value. * CGR = 5 g/m 2 /day: A crop growing 5 grams of biomass per square meter each day is quite reasonable and achievable, depending on the crop and growing conditions. * LAI = 5: An LAI of 5 means there are 5 square meters of leaves for every square meter of ground. This is a common and realistic value for many crops at their peak growth. * LAR = 5 cm 2 /g: This indicates that for every gram of plant material, there are 5 square centimeters of leaf area. This value is realistic and falls within the normal range for plants. Therefore, the answer is A: RGR = 5 g/g/day, because it represents an unrealistically high growth rate.
431:
A
Solution: Transfer of heat in soil mainly occurs by the process of conduction. It is the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules. As we know soil is made up of particles, atoms and molecules, closely together to transfer heat.
432:
B
Solution: Castor is a species of perennial flowering plant in the spurge family. It requires a hot, dry climate with an annual rainfall of 500 - 800 mm, of which 500 - 600 mm is needed during the first 3 months of crop growth. High temperatures above 41 degree Celsius at a flowering time even for a short period result in the blasting of flowers in Castor.
433:
A
Solution: Single Super phosphate SSP is the first chemical fertilizer, it contains 3 major plant nutrients namely phosphorus, Sulphur, and calcium along with traces of micro-nutrients. It contains 14.5% of phosphorus, 12% of Sulphur and 21% of Calcium.
434:
C
Solution: IRGA stands for Infra-Red Gas Analyser and measures trace gases by determining the absorption of an emitted infrared light source through a certain air sample. The concept behind the technology is based on the amount of light absorbed by the air.
435:
D
Solution: In gramineous plants, the first leaf below the inflorescence is called the flag leaf. The flag leaf is the last to emerge, which indicates the transition from the growth of the plant to grain production. Photosynthesis in these leaves provides the maximum of carbohydrates required for grain filling. Contribution of flag leaf in photosynthesis is about 52%.
436:
C
Solution: The optimum plant population or density of a crop plantation is the arrangement per unit area that allow crops to exploit resource optimally and produce high yields. The optimum plant population per hectare for cotton has estimated as 50,000 - 80,000. India has about 37% of the world's area under cotton cultivation and is the largest producer of cotton in the world accounting for 22% of total production.
437:
D
Solution: Cadmium is the natural element found in tiny amounts in air, water, soil and food. Dumping of sewage sludge into the soil leads to soil pollution and various heavy metals like cadmium, lead, etc present in waste water amend in soil and cause contamination of soil also to the foods and crops grown on that soil. This makes soil potentially toxic to the plants.
438:
C
Solution: The optimum cardinal temperature for any plant is the temperature range within which the seeds of a particular species can germinate. The optimum cardinal temperature for germination of rice seeds is 20°C - 25°C.
439:
B
Solution: A grassy stunt virus disease of rice is transmitted by Brown plant hopper nymphs and adults. It transmits in an area where rice is grown all around the year. The macropterous forms or long-winged adults of the insect are more important in spreading the disease than the short winged forms. They feed on the diseased plant for at least 30 minutes to pick up the virus.
440:
A
Solution: The mineral matter of soil is comprised of eight main elements, Oxygen, silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Magnesium, Calcium, Sodium and potassium. Out of these Oxygen is most prevalent on both and volume basis and is the only negatively charged ion, which combines with other cations in different ratios to form different compounds required for the proper growth and development of the plant.
441:
B
Solution: China is the hub of hybrid rice, it is the country where hybrid rice was developed for the first time and is grown on a large scale. It is estimated to be planted on more than 50% of rice growing fields. China is the largest producer of rice in the world, making up 30% of global rice production.
442:
C
Solution: The use of GMO crops is not allowed in organic farming in India. GMOs has genetically modified organisms or seeds or products are prohibited as an organic product. That means any organic farmer cannot grow GMO seeds. Even organic farmers who will suffer any contamination can lose their organic certification and the premium they earn for their organic crop.
443:
B
Solution: Safflower is the false saffron, the scientific name Carthamus tinctorius belongs to the Compositae or Asteraceae family. It is a diploid oilseed crop used in cosmetics and as edible vegetable oil.
444:
C
Solution: Hygroscopic water is the water found on the soil as an extremely thin tightly held film around the soil particles, it is absorbed as moisture from the air. It is found not only in pores but also on the surface of soil particles. It can be retained from the soil by over drying at 105 degrees Celsius and pressure at 31 bar.
445:
A
Solution: The land equivalent ratio is a term that describes the relative land area required under sole cropping to produce the same yield as under intercropping. It can be used whenever more than one type of yield can be obtained from the same area.
446:
D
447:
D
Solution: The oxygen Evolving complex in Photosystem II contains a cluster of one calcium, four manganese atoms, and traces of chlorine. It is responsible for the oxidation of water to oxygen in plants, algae and cyanobacteria. This cluster of atoms serves as a model for the splitting of water by energy obtained from sunlight.
448:
B
Solution: Hydrogen has three isotopic forms which are hydrogen, Deuterium and tritium. All of them have one single proton but a different number of their neutrons. Hydrogen (Protium) contains one neutron, deuterium contains two neutrons whereas tritium contains 3 neutrons.
449:
B
Solution: Downy mildew which is also known as 'Green Ear' is one of the destructive diseases of foliage like Bajra which is caused by fungus. The specific fungal organism responsible for its cause is Sclerospora graminicola . It is a soil-borne disease but spread through airborne spores of the fungus. Wet leaves in humid weather act as the most favorable spot for its infection.
450:
B
Solution: Essential nutrients are those that any organism is unable to produce within itself and need from outer environmental sources for its proper functioning of biochemical pathways. But there are some basic criteria to make any element essential for any plant type and these criteria were proposed by Arnon and Stout in 1939. And according to them, there are 16 elements essential for the proper growth and development of the plant.
451:
A
Solution: ICRISAT is the intergovernmental organization that stands for International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics and was formed in the year 1972. It is headquartered in Patancheru, Hyderabad (Telangana), and works under the parent organization CGAIR (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research). Its mission is to reduce poverty, hunger, malnutrition, and environmental degradation in the drylands.
452:
B
Solution: Plants produce carbohydrates i.e. their food and energy in green leaves by the process of photosynthesis which is transported by the phloem tissues to all parts of the plant but the main element which is essential for its translocation is Boron. Boron plays a vital role in plant metabolic activities.
453:
C
Solution: Trichoderma viridiae is a type of fungus that can block the life cycle of many pathogens and most specifically various other fungi that is the reason which makes it an amazing biological control agent against various pathogens that leads to its exploitation on a commercial level. It is a free-living fungus that grows mainly on the roots area of the plant present in the soil, it enhances the fertility of the soil, boosts plant growth and protects the plants from various pathogens.
454:
B
Solution: The Law of minimum is the theory proposed by Justus von Liebig, a German Scientist, which means that among all 16 essential nutrients if any one of them is missing or in less quantity than what is required by a plant then the yield and growth of the plant will be directly proportional to the amount of that minimum element i.e. that will also be poor even if all other nutrients are in proper quantity and abundance. That one element can lead to poor growth and yield.
455:
A
Solution: Groundnut belongs to the Leguminosae or Fabaceae family. Legume crops are known for their edible seeds and high protein content in their seeds while peanuts and groundnut are also oil crops. The main feature of this family is the presence of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria which is good for both plant growth as well as soil fertility. The other examples of this family are pea, chickpeas, peanut, beans, and all other pulses.
456:
B
Solution: There are three main stages in the complete life cycle of the rice plant which are vegetative (from seed germination to PI), reproductive (from PI to flowering), and ripening (from flowering to grain maturity). PI is Panicle Initiation, a stage in which its top part, the inflorescence is grown, it comes after the maximum tillering stage and it ends approximately in 60 days.
457:
B
Solution: First of all the critical period of weed competition can be defined as the period between early growth during which weeds can grow without affecting crop yield and the point after which weed growth does not affect the yield. It is approximately $${frac{1}{3}^{{ ext{rd}}}}$$ of the duration of the crop. And in the case of sugarcane, it is approximately 4 months.
458:
D
Solution: Gene is the smallest controlling unit and each one is available to control the existence of every character in an organism. In the case of the soybean plant, the indeterminate and determinate nature of stem phenotype is controlled by DT1 and DT2 genes.
459:
C
Solution: Allelopathy is defined as the effects of a plant on the development of neighboring plants through the release of secondary compounds. It is the effect of higher plants to lower plants. Polygamy is the phenomenon of having both male, and female flowers on the same plant. Cryptogam is the phenomenon when a plant reproduces with the help of spores.
460:
D
Solution: Tarai is a region of northern India and southern Nepal running parallel to the lower ranges of the Himalayas. A strip of undulating former marshland, it stretches from the Yamuna river in the west to the Brahmaputra River in the east. Tarai soils are rich in nitrogen and organic matter but are deficient in Zinc.
461:
B
Solution: Triazine is the heterocyclic compound used in livestock, vegetables, ornamental applications, or as herbicides, as an active ingredient to increase the weed control spectrum. Out of the following options, it is mostly used in Maize to control the weed. It is quite efficient and low-cost effective weed control.
462:
A
Solution: Prussic acid is hydrocyanic acid or cyanide. It is a rapidly acting lethal toxin. It inhibits oxygen utilization by the animal at the cellular level resulting in suffocation. Prussic is formed in sorghum when the leaf tissues are ruptured by grazing or chopping, hence it is found more in the drought stricken and 2 nd growth of plants.
463:
A
Solution: Antibiotics are the most effective to fight against bacterial infections in living organisms whether it is plants or humans or animals. It works by inhibiting the biochemical pathway of the bacteria. It works specifically on the different types of bacteria without affecting the host body. Fungicides as the name suggest act against the fungus and viricides inhibit the multiplication of the virus.
464:
B
Solution: Maize is a crop that is highly sensitive to drought and excess moisture. Maize is the world's leading crop and is widely cultivated as a cereal grain. It is also known as the queen of cereals because of its highest genetic yield potential. Drought tolerant maize varieties have an enhanced ability to withstand abiotic stress like drought. It is generally considered a flood tolerant species because of its ability to produce early adventitious roots and morphological adapters.
465:
D
Solution: China is the birthplace of hybrid rice, it was being researched and brought into cultivation from there only. Chinese scientist Yuan Longping is known as the 'Father of Hybrid Rice'. China is the country with a maximum area of hybrid rice, it is about 30 million hectares.
466:
D
Solution: Angstrom is the unit of length, equal to 10 -9 cm, 10 -10 Meter, or 0.1 nanometers. In words, that is one ten-billionth of a meter, a hundred millionth of a centimeter. Its symbol is $$mathop { ext{A}}limits^{ ext{o}} $$, a letter of the Swedish alphabet. It is named after the Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Angstrom. It is often used in science and technology to express the size of atoms, molecules, microscopic biological structures, lengths of chemical bonds, arrangement of atoms in crystals, etc.
467:
C
Solution: Palm oil is the edible oil derived from palm fruit. It is widely used in the food manufacturing industry, beauty product industry as well as biofuel. Indonesia is the leading producer of palm oil in the world, it produces about 4,55,00,000 metric tons followed by Malaysia and Thailand respectively.
468:
B
Solution: pH is changing from 9 to 6 means moving from basicity to acidity level. Therefore, the concentration of H + ion will increase 1,000 times. The H + concentration of pH 9 is 10 -9 mol/l while that of pH 6, the H + ions will be 10 -6 , hence increase of 10 -3 hydrogen ions i.e. 1,000 ions can be observed.
469:
D
Solution: Tilth of soil is a dynamic and multifaceted concept that refers to the suitability of soil for planting and growing crops. It is related to the shape of the soil aggregates, the size distribution of the soil aggregates, and the arrangement of the soil aggregates.
470:
C
Solution: Cropping intensity is the number of times a crop is planted per year in a given agricultural area. Cropping intensity $$ = frac{{{ ext{Gross cropped area}}}}{{{ ext{Net sown area}}}} imes { ext{100}}$$ xa0 xa0xa0 $$ = frac{3}{1} imes 100 = 300$$ In a cropping sequence of maize-wheat-moong, the cropping intensity should be 300%.
471:
A
Solution: Agronomic measures reduce the impact of raindrops through the covering of the soil surface and increase the infiltration rate and water absorption capacity of the soil which results in reduced runoff and soil loss through erosion. Agronomic measures of soil conservation are applicable up to a slope of ≤ 2%.
472:
A
Solution: LER stands for Land Equivalent Ratio and it is defined as the ratio of the area under sole cropping to the area under intercropping needed to give equal amounts of yield at the same management level. It can be used whenever more than one type of yield can be obtained from the same area. When the LER value is 1.30, it indicates a complementary effect.
473:
C
Solution: Dry Land farming means the cultivation of drought resistant, short duration, and high yielding varieties of crops with a package of soil and water management including water harvesting. It is a method of farming practice in semi-arid areas and non-irrigated cultivation of crops. It involves the constant assessing of the amount of moisture present or lacking for any given crop cycle and planning accordingly.
474:
C
Solution: The agricultural land area of India is divided into 15 agro-climatic zones and further divided into 72 more sub-divisions. It is based on soil type, climates, rainfall, etc. These are: 1. Western Himalayan division 2. Eastern Himalayan division 3. Lower Gangetic plain region 4. Middle Gangetic plain region 5. Upper Gangetic plain region 6. Trans-Gangetic plain region 7. Eastern plateau and hill region 8. Central plateau and hill region 9. Western plateau and hill region 10. Southern plateau and hill region 11. East coast plain and hill region 12. West coast plain and hill region 13. Gujarat plain and hill region 14. Western plain and hill region 15. Island region
475:
B
Solution: The pigeon pea is a perennial legume belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is widely cultivated in tropical and semitropical regions of the world. It contains high levels of protein and the important amino acids methionine, lysine and tryptophan. World production of pigeon pea is estimated at 4.49 million tons, and about 63% of this production comes from India. The optimum seed rate for pigeon pea crops is 12 - 15 kg/ha.
476:
B
Solution: Cultivation of woody plants for decoration and shade is termed Arboriculture. Arboriculture can be defined as the cultivation, management and study of individual trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants for ornamental and decoration purposes. The main purpose is to maintain permanent landscape and amenities usually in parks, gardens, etc.
477:
B
Solution: Wheat is the highest cultivated crop in terms of area in the world. It is one of the staple crops grown for bread worldwide. It is grown on more than 240 million hectares of land in the world and the total global production of wheat was 760 million tons as per the data collected in 2020.
478:
B
Solution: SBI stands for Sugarcane Breeding Institute and is a central research institute for sugarcane. It was established by the British Raj in 1912 under ICAR, located in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. It was established to promote research efforts in sugarcane production and is the only sugarcane research institute in the country.
479:
B
Solution: Lye peeling is the process of removing the peels of fruits and vegetables by immersion in a lye solution. In this method, the fruits and vegetables are immersed in a hot caustic soda solution (lye) followed by tumbling in a wash to remove skin and chemicals. It is done at a temperature of about 93°C.
480:
A
Solution: Miskawi is the most common variety of Berseem grown widely in Egypt and Italy. Berseem is the annual forage, believed to be indigenous to Egypt. Berseem is the fast-growing, high-quality forage that is mainly cut and fed as green chopped forage.
481:
C
Solution: Striga commonly known as witchweed is a genus of parasitic plants that occur naturally in parts of Africa, Asia, and Australia. Sorghum is the most common crop affected by striga. Cuscuta compestris is a parasitic plant that belongs to the family Convolvulaceae. It is a pest of Lucerne. Typha is an aquatic or semi aquatic rhizomatous, herbaceous perennial herb plant. It is not a weed, it is a useful plant and source of fibre for rayon and crude. Thus its combination with sugarcane is wrong. Orobanche is a flowering parasite on tobacco roots and occurs in all the tobacco tracts in India.
482:
A
Solution: Potash i.e. potassium is one of the essential nutrient elements required by the plant for plant growth. It helps plants use water and resist drought and enhances yield. Arhar contains a good amount of potassium, iron, iodine and essential amino acids which make it a good and healthy food supplement. During the cultivation of arhar, about 40 - 60 kg/ha of potash is required for good quality yield.
483:
D
Solution: Durum wheat is also known as Pasta wheat or macaroni wheat. It is a tetraploid species of wheat and is the second most cultivated species of wheat after common wheat. Durum in Latin means hard and the species is the hardest of all wheat. It contains about 12% total protein in defatted flour compared to 11% in common wheat also durum wheat contains 27% extractable wet gluten compared to 24% in common wheat.
484:
B
Solution: C : N ratio is the mass of carbon to the mass of nitrogen in organic residues. The optimum ratio of C : N for the desired decomposition of organic crop residue is 24 : 1. It should be in proper carbon and nitrogen ratio that a microorganism can survive healthily in it. The organic residues with wider C : N ratios as compared to narrow C : N ratios are decomposed at a slow rate.
485:
A
Solution: The correct answer is A: Crown root initiation, flowering, doughing stage. Let's break down why: Understanding Critical Stages: Wheat needs water most during certain key growth phases. Missing irrigation at these times can drastically reduce yield. Option A: Crown Root Initiation (CRI), Flowering, Doughing Stage: * Crown Root Initiation (CRI): This is the most crucial stage. It's when the plant establishes its permanent root system. Lack of water here severely limits growth. * Flowering: This is when the plant is forming grains. Water stress at flowering reduces the number of grains that develop. * Doughing Stage: This is the grain-filling stage. Water here ensures plump, heavy grains, directly impacting yield. Why the other options are less ideal: * Option B: Tillering, jointing milking: While these stages are important, CRI is more important than tillering.
* Option C: CRI, tillering, doughing stage: Flowering stage is a more crucial stage.
* Option D: CRI, late jointing and dough stage: Flowering stage is a more crucial stage. In summary: Prioritizing irrigation at Crown Root Initiation, Flowering, and the Doughing Stage gives wheat the best chance for strong growth and a high yield when only three irrigations are possible.
486:
D
Solution: Glyphosate is a broad spectrum systemic herbicide and crop desiccant. it is used to kill weeds, especially annual broadleaf weeds and grasses. It is an organophosphorus compound, specifically a phosphonate, which acts by inhibiting the plant enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthetase (EPSPS) .
487:
B
Solution: Microbial respiration and activity decide the availability of manganese ions in the soil and it is mostly low at neutral to alkaline pH, acidification of the rhizosphere has an important role in mobilizing soil Manganese ions. The pH change in the soil depends on the buffering capacity of soils, bulk soil pH, nitrogen sources and other factors. For each unit increase in pH, the concentration of Mn 2- decreases by 100 folds.
488:
A
Solution: Sugarcane is a species of tall perennial grasses, with 2 - 6 m tall, stout, jointed and fibrous stalks that are rich in sucrose. It belongs to the family Poaceae and is native to the warm temperate and tropical climates. Sugarcane is a short day plant, it requires a maximum of 8 - 10 hours of daylight for a good yield, which is why it usually blooms in winter when days are shorter.
489:
B
Solution: CPCRI is Central Plantation Crops Research Institute was established in 1970 under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research at Kudlu, Kasaragod, Kerela. It serves as a national forum for improving the genetic potential of plantation crops and conducting basic and applied research on various aspects of these crops to produce genetically superior planting materials for coconut, Arecanut, cashew nut and spices.
490:
D
Solution: Mixed cropping is growing two or more crops in the same field at the same time. Mustard a leguminous crop is best to be grown with wheat in the same field. This mixture consists of broadcasting mustard seed after sowing of wheat in the field, followed by planting.
491:
D
Solution: Paspalum scrobiculatum , commonly called Kodo millet, is an annual grain that is grown primarily in Nepal. Millets fall in the category of coarse millet, hence it is also a very hard and coarse crop that is drought tolerant and can survive on marginal soils also. Kodo millet has a large potential to provide nourishing food to subsistence farmers.
492:
D
Solution: Red rot of sugarcane is a disease first reported in Java in 1893 caused by fungus. It can be controlled and minimized by following crop rotation with non-hosts and application of appropriate foliar fungicides. Now resistant sugarcane varieties are also available which is the best method to stop infection.
493:
A
Solution: India is an agricultural country. 70% of the population relies on agriculture for their livelihood. As per the survey done at the end of the fiscal year 2021, in India, the total area covered under the cultivation of crops is between 100 - 150 million hectares. The total production of food grains in India is about 316 million tons, as recorded from 2020 to 2021.
494:
D
Solution: Anions are negatively charged ions while cations are positively charged ions. Anions are the type of ions that have gained electrons. Boron, chloride, molybdenum, phosphorus and sulphur are the essential nutrients that are absorbed as anions by plants for normal growth and development of the plant.
495:
A
Solution: Auxin and cytokinin are the phytohormones that control root initiation, cell elongation and apical dominance. Auxins play a cardinal role in the coordination of many growths and behavioral processes in plant life cycles and are essential for plant body development. The Dutch biologist Frits Warmolt Went described the role of auxins in plant growth for the first time in 1920.
496:
C
Solution: Pusa Giant is a vigorous variety of papaya. It is gynodioecious variety with 100% productive plants with good fruit yield and quality having excellent taste. The plants are sturdy and tolerant of strong winds. The first fruit is at one-meter height and it weighs 2 - 3 kg with yellow, moderately firm 5 cm thick pulp. The fruits are suitable for tooty-fruity.
497:
A
Solution: Sunflowers act as an indicator plant to diagnose the deficiency of boron in the soil as definite boron deficiency symptoms are developed in sunflowers. The young and middle leaves of the plants develop small chlorotic patches and develop orange-colored necrotic areas in the young leaves.
498:
B
Solution: The term “Green revolution” was coined by William S. Gaud, the administrator of the U. S. Agency for International Development (USAID), in March 1968. The introduction of this green revolution in India has converted agriculture into the modern industrial system by the adoption of technology like the use of HYV (high yielding variety) seeds, mechanized farm tools, irrigation facilities, pesticides and fertilizers.
499:
A
Solution: Sorghum belongs to the grass family Poeceae and is categorized as major millet. It is available in 25 different species, some of them are grown for human consumption but some are grown to feed animals also.
500:
B
Solution: The highest production of mustard in India is contributed by Rajasthan. It alone contributes about 40% approximately $${frac{1}{3}^{{ ext{rd}}}}$$ of the total mustard production of the country. The soil and climatic conditions of Rajasthan favor the maximum production of the mustard crop.
501:
B
Solution: JNKVV stands for Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, which was established on 1 st October 1964. It is located in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh and was inaugurated by Smt. Indira Gandhi. This university is serving 25 cities of Madhya Pradesh through ample agricultural, horticultural and animal husbandry colleges. Its mission is to conduct education, research and extension activities for enhancing the productivity and sustainability of agricultural production and the quality of rural livelihood in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
502:
B
Solution: Potato is the tuber and food crop grown in subtropical regions of our country. Irrigation is the most important process in any crop production. In the case of potatoes, it is quite critical at the stage of tuber initiation to its maturity at the same time it also depends upon variety, seed health, weather, soil and cultural practices used for irrigation.
503:
D
Solution: Green manure is a crop specifically produced to be incorporated into the soil while still green. The primary goal is to add organic matter to the soil for its benefits and the most likely used crops are legumes which add nitrogen to the soil. Aeschynomene afraspera is an annual to perennial plant that can grow 1 - 3 meters tall with stems that can become somewhat woody and persist.
504:
C
Solution: Allophane is amorphous to poorly crystalline hydrous aluminum silicate mineraloids. Its chemical formula is Al 2 O 3 ·(SiO 2 ) 1.3-2 ·(H 2 O) 2.5-3 . It is produced by weathering or hydrothermal alteration of volcanic glass or feldspars. It has a large negative charge, which is balanced by aluminium cation.
505:
D
Solution: NBSSLP stands for National bureau of soil survey and Land use planning. Government of India established All India Soil Survey Organisation in 1956 with Headquarters at IARI, Nagpur with five regional soil correlation centers. Later in 1958, the land use planning Scheme was also integrated with it. In 1976 it became an independent institute of ICAR named NBSS & LUP and continued to function at IARI, New Delhi. But later in June 1978, the headquarters was shifted back to Nagpur.
506:
D
Solution: All the Indian research journals of agricultural sciences are published by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Journals are devoted to experimental agriculture and are abstracted by all the major abstracting services. Nowadays with the advancement of technology, e-journals and online articles are also been published.
507:
C
Solution: Absolute zero is the lowest temperature i.e. lowest limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, can be said as a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken as zero Kelvin, and can be represented as -273.15 degrees in Celsius.
508:
D
Solution: Gram is the crop of rabbi season. It does not require stagnant water in any case and time while timely and well-managed irrigation is required for gram. First of all, irrigate immediately after sowing then on the 3 rd day followed by repetitive irrigation after 7 - 10 days depending upon soil and climatic conditions while irrigation before flowering and during the pod formation stage is the most critical and highly recommended stage when irrigation in grams is must.
509:
B
Solution: Allelopathy is a common biological phenomenon by which one organism produces biochemicals that influence the growth, survival, development and reproduction of other organisms. In functional allelopathy, a precursor is released which is converted into active substances by some microorganisms.
510:
A
Solution: Green manures are the crops that are grown especially for building and maintaining soil fertility. Sesbania is a flowering plant and its common name is Riverhemp. These are mostly used in alley cropping to increase the soil’s nitrogen content.
511:
C
Solution: Sesamum is an annual leguminous herb belonging to the Pedaliaceae family. It is widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical regions for its edible seeds. It is the source of sesame seeds.
512:
A
Solution: Fruit is a mature ovary and it contains seeds that are the mature ovules after fertilization. Fruits are generally acidic, it contains reducing sugar, acid, cellulose, phenols, anthocyanins and vitamin C also.
513:
B
Solution: A diagnostic horizon in a soil layer is a combination of characteristics typical of that kind of soil. Certain features are illuvial iron- manganese coatings, depth of water table, texture, presence of organic matter, etc. Entisols are the soil order that has no diagnostic horizon, entisols are the most abundant soil order, occupying about 16% of the global ice-free land area.
514:
C
Solution: The potato is a stem tuber belonging to the Solanaceae family. And potassium is one of the essential nutrients for plant's growth and development. Its application to potato plants shows a very good response, it increases the height of the plant and the crop's vigor and at the same time, it imparts resistance against drought, frost and diseases.
515:
A
Solution: Weedicide is the chemical used in agriculture to kill the weeds that are unwanted plants or herbs that grow with the main crop and affect the overall yield. 2, 4 - D sodium salt 80% WP is a selective weedicide that controls broad-leaved weeds, edges, and germinating grass seedlings in the plantation of sugarcane, wheat, maize, citrus, grapes and tea.
516:
D
Solution: National Biodiversity Board or Authority is headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, it was established on 1 st October 2003. It acts as a facilitating, regulating and advisory body to the government of India on the issues of conservation, sustainable use of biological resources and fair and equitable sharing of benefits. Dr. V. B. Mathur is the latest Chairperson of the NBA (National Biodiversity Board).
517:
B
Solution: Kerala is the state where Rice is grown below sea level for the past 2 centuries. Kuttanad is the delta region of about 900 sq. km situated on the west coast of Kerala state and has the lowest altitude in India.
518:
C
Solution: Rambler, NDRI Selection No. 1 and Moapa are the varieties of Lucerne. Lucerne is a hardy leguminous forage and hay crop. It is native to south-west Asia and can survive in drought conditions. As it is a deep rooted crop so, it can extract water from the deeper zone of the soil.
519:
B
Solution: Skip row planting technique of intercropping system is recommended in the semiarid and sub-humid ecosystem for optimizing system productivity. In this method, alternate rows are skipped in between the planted rows to allow roots to grow and retain moisture throughout the growing season.
520:
C
Solution: Piezometer is the device used to measure the depth of the water table as it estimates the pressure of underground water. It converts water pressure to a frequency signal via a diaphragm and a tensioned steel wire. A change in pressure on the diaphragm causes a change in the tension of the wire hence, the pressure or depth of the water can be calculated.
521:
A
Solution: National Bureau of Soil Survey And Land Use Planning (NBBSS & LUP) was set up in 1976 as an independent Institute of ICAR and started functioning at the IARI, New Delhi. But later in June 1978, the headquarters of the Bureau was shifted to Nagpur.
522:
C
Solution: An Arealometer is an instrument to measure the thickness of the fiber. While the maturity of the fiber is estimated by its perimeter, area, and the other geometrical configuration related to it. An arealometer is responsive to two of the properties specific areas, A and Immaturity Ratio I.
523:
D
Solution: CSH-1 is the first hybrid variety of sorghum released in 1964. Dr. Neelamraju Ganga Prasada Rao is entitled as "Father of Hybrid Sorghum" in India. He was well-known for basic and applied research in the breeding and agronomy of several dryland crops, especially towards sorghum improvement.
524:
D
Solution: Cotton is one of the major commercial crops of India. Cotton covers only 5% of the total cropped area, but it accounts for nearly 50% of the consumption of overall pesticides which makes cotton the most chemically intensive crop in the world. The major herbicides used on the cotton plantation are trifluralin, MSMA, DSMA, Prometryn, cyanazine, norflurazon, diuron and many more.
525:
B
Solution: In most of the jute growing areas, autumn and winter rice are usually treated as alternative crops. An alternate cropping system is very advantageous in retaining soil nutrients, it also prevents the accumulation of chemicals secreted by some crop plants.
526:
C
Solution: Baby corn or cornets is the corn harvested early while the stalks are still small, immature and unfertilized cob. It is eaten whole not as mature cob. Mostly the second ear from the top of the plant is harvested as baby corn while the top ear is allowed to mature.
527:
B
Solution: The following mango varieties are confined to certain states as it is mostly grown in that area. The climatic conditions, the soil type and other persistent features of regions suit a specific variety of mangoes. Neelum is mostly produced in Andhra Pradesh, Alphonso, the most expensive variety is grown in Maharashtra, Himsagar is the product of Paschim Banga (West Bengal) whereas Dashahari is a widely grown variety in Uttar Pradesh.
528:
C
Solution: Eucalyptus is a hardwood tree that has extensively been grown for paper production due to its high pulp yield, high wood density, excellent fiber quality, and good handsheet properties. However, softwood trees like pines, firs, spruces, hemlocks, etc are the best for paper-making industries.
529:
A
Solution: An increase in the application of nitrogen content in sugarcane fields may lead to increased yield but the sugar content in sugarcane juice decreases. The reduction in sucrose percentage accompanied by the increase in Nitrogen levels may be due to increased water retention in millable cane leading to a reduction in sucrose determined as a percentage of stalk fresh weight. Whereas Nitrogen is a key restrictive factor for continuous sugarcane output in terms of yield.
530:
C
Solution: Mustard seeds contain the substance Glucosinolate , also known as sinigrin. The crushing of mustard seeds for oil leads to the release of the enzyme myrosinase. Thus the combination of myrosinase and Glucosinolate produces AITC (Allyl isothiocyanate), which is a wide-spectrum antimicrobial compound that is responsible for the characteristic pungency of mustard oil.
531:
B
Solution: Dibbling is a method of sowing seeds in which we place seeds in the holes or pits at equal predetermined distances and depths. This procedure is done by dibble, planter, or manually. The main advantages of dibbling are that fewer seeds are required, germination is rapid and uniform and at the same time, seedling vigor is good. It requires a seed rate of 20 - 30 kg/ha.
532:
B
Solution: Intercropping involves cultivating two or more crops in a field simultaneously. Mostly it is done as one legume crop and the other one as a non-legume crop, but in Madhya Pradesh both legumes i.e. arhar and soybean are grown as intercrops. Intercropping of arhar with soybean is better for risk management and utilization of nutrients from different layers of soil.
533:
C
Solution: Interculture is the practice of simultaneously growing two or more crops on the same plot. It is very useful in maintaining soil fertility and nutrient supply in crops and soil. Interculture is mostly done with one legume plant and the other non-legume. As groundnut is a legume plant, it can be intercropped with any other non-legume plant but it is avoided at the pegging stage as this needs a lot of nutrients, nutrient sharing with some other plant may lead to reduced yield.
534:
D
Solution: ICAR stands for the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and is an autonomous organization responsible for coordinating agricultural education and research in our country. It was established on 16 th July 1929 and is located in New Delhi. The Director ICAR is Trilochan Mohapatra. The Union Minister of Agriculture serves as its President.
535:
D
Solution: The pigeon pea is a perennial legume belonging to the family Fabaceae. Prabhat is a variety of pigeon pea and is an extra early maturing. It arose as segregant from variety T-21. The plant type is determinate, bunchy, and flat topped. It matures in 110 to 115 days, whereas normally all varieties take at least 140 - 145 days.
536:
B
Solution: Mung bean is also known as green gram, mash belongs to the legume family. It is mainly cultivated in East, southeast and South Asia. The Mung bean is believed to be originated in central Asia i.e. where India, where it was domesticated as early as 1500 BC.
537:
A
Solution: C4 cycle is referred to as the β-carboxylation pathway and cooperative photosynthesis. The 4-carbon oxaloacetic acid is the first stable compound of the Hatch and Slack cycle. PEPCase i.e. Phosphophoenolpyruvate carboxylase is an enzyme involved in C4 pathways and is the primary carbon assimilatory enzyme in C4.
538:
B
Solution: Nitrogen is the most restrictive nutrient for rice production. Paddy plants need rice to develop an adequate number of panicles. It is very important for the increase of plant height, leaf size, panicle number and ultimately high yield per hectare. It is absorbed as NH 4 ions form under waterlogged conditions.
539:
B
Solution: Cropping intensity is the number of times a crop is planted per year in a given agricultural area. It is the ratio of effective crop area harvested to the physical area. At present, the cropping intensity in India is 140%. It has risen 25% approximately since independence. The strategies should be implemented to increase the cropping intensity in developing countries like India because of its rising population.
540:
B
Solution: The chemical nature of lime is basic and adding a basic substance to the acidic soil will neutralize the acid present and ultimately increase the pH value of the soil. The most common neutralizing material used in agriculture is agricultural limestone as it is very economical and easily available.
541:
D
Solution: Melilotus indica is a common weed with typical weedy attributes and belongs to the family Fabaceae. It reproduces in large numbers and exhibits dormancy to prolong persistence in fields. It is an annual or biennial herb from 10 - 50 cms in height with yellow flowers and is most commonly named sweet clover. It is used as a source of nectar for bees, forage and as a soil improver.
542:
D
Solution: Chipsona is one of the best varieties of potatoes and is most commonly used in making chips and French fries. It is further subdivided into two categories Kufri chipsona-1 and Kufri chipsona-3. This variety is for growing in north Indian Plains. It shows medium maturity with high dry matter and a low level of reducing sugars and phenols. Most importantly it is resistant to late blight.
543:
C
Solution: Water use efficiency (WUE) is a measure of the amount of biomass produced per unit of water used by a plant. It is based on the concept introduced 100 years ago by Briggs and Shantz in 1913 showing a relationship between plant productivity and water use. WUE is highest for the finger millet as it adapted to hot and semi-arid conditions. It can withstand cultivation at altitudes over 2000 m above sea level, because of its high drought tolerance and the long storage time of the grains.
544:
D
Solution: Cusec is the measure of the rate of flow of water. This unit is most commonly used by the irrigation department. 1 cusec = 1 cubic foot of water flow per second 1 cusec = 28.32 litres of water flow per second 1 cusec = 1780 lpm.
545:
B
Solution: Non-nuclear DNA is the extrachromosomal DNA present in mitochondria or chloroplast of some cell, i.e. any DNA that is found off the chromosomes. Most of the DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes contained in the nucleus, but the amount of non-nuclear DNA present in a cell is around $${frac{1}{3}^{{ ext{rd}}}}$$ of the nuclear DNA.
546:
D
Solution: Atrazine is the most commonly used herbicide with the greatest use on corn, sorghum, and sugarcane that can be applied before and after planting to control broadleaf and grassy weeds. It can effectively control grasses in the maize field without harm to the main crop, as degradation of the chemical in the maize plant occurs due to the presence of the GSH enzyme. GSH is a Glutathione S-transferase and is capable of preventing damage to important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals, peroxides, heavy metals, etc.
547:
C
Solution: Echinochloa frumentacea is the scientific name of sawa millet or shyamak. It is also known as vrat ke chawal in Hindi, oodalu in kanadda, shyamak or shyama chal in Bangla, Jhangora in Garhwal, Bhagar in Marathi, samo or morio in Gujarati, kuthiraivaali in Tamil. This millet is widely grown as a cereal in India, Pakistan and Nepal.
548:
C
Solution: Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Solan, Himachal Pradesh is mainly working on Horticulture and Forestry. The mission of this institute is to make strategies to fulfill the need and requirements of the farmers in Himachal Pradesh through incorporating excellence in education and research in horticulture and forestry.
549:
A
Solution: Gujarat is the highest producing state of groundnut also the area under cultivation of groundnut is also the highest in India. Gujarat accounts for 40% of total groundnut production in the country. The groundnut crop area of the state increased to 20 lakh hectares and approximate production was around 33 lakh tons in the year 2020 - 21.
550:
A
Solution: La Nina is an oceanic and atmospheric phenomenon that is the colder counterpart. It is a Spanish term that means "the girl". It is a climatic pattern that describes the cooling of surface ocean waters along the tropical west coast of South America. In India, it generally increases monsoon rainfall.
551:
B
Solution: The mat type nursery is related to paddy cultivation, in this type seedlings are established in a layer of soil mix, arranged on a firm surface. From this nursery, the seedlings are ready for planting in fields within 14 - 20 days after seeding.
552:
A
Solution: Deep ploughing of soil in groundnut is avoided as it makes harvesting difficult. Timely field preparation facilitates timely sowing which ensures higher yield. Initial ploughing should be carried out at optimum moisture range to get better tilth. After an initial ploughing wait for 4 - 5 days to reduce the moisture content of the cold and subsequent ploughing and harrowing better physical condition of soil could be obtained with fewer operations.
553:
B
Solution: Urea is the chemical fertilizer used in plants as a source of nitrogen in the form of amide, which is an essential nutrient crucial for plants' growth and development. Urea is the most used and important nitrogenous fertilizer in the country because of its high nitrogen content (46%). The amide form of nitrogen is converted into ammonical form and then to nitrates in the presence of soil microorganisms.
554:
B
Solution: Crop rotation or intercropping is defined as a system of growing different crops in succession on the same land. It maintains the fertility of the soil with the rotation of absorption of a set of nutrients. It also reduces reliance on one set of nutrients, pest and weed pressure and the probability of developing resistant pests and weeds.
555:
B
Solution: Canola has Erucic Acid in the tune of less than 2%. Erucic acid is a monosaturated omega-y fatty acid present in oil-rich seeds of the Brassicaceae family of plants. Erucic acid is not harmful to use in small doses, but at higher levels may be a risk to the human body.
556:
B
Solution: Nitrification is the process of converting ammonia into nitrite or nitrate, with the help of soil microorganisms with the consumption of oxygen. Nitrification is the aerobic process performed by the group of autotrophic bacteria and archaea.
557:
D
Solution: Lens esculenta is the scientific name of Lentil a type of pulse that belongs to the family of legumes. It is an annual plant known for its lens-shaped seeds. Lentils have the second highest ratio of protein to food energy of any legume after soybeans. It contains carotenoids, lutein and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
558:
D
Solution: Dolomite is the sedimentary carbonate rock that contains a high percentage of the mineral, MgCO 3 CaCO 3 . Chemically it is an anhydrous double carbonate mineral composed of calcium and magnesium carbonate. The mineral dolomite crystallizes in the trigonal-rhombohedral system. It forms white, tan, grey or pink crystals.
559:
A
Solution: Bajra is the edible seeds of pearl millet plants. It is a type of Kharif crop. It grows well in dry and warm climatic conditions and its drought tolerant crop requires low annual rainfall ranging between 40 cm to 60 cm. Pearl millet nurseries are raised in well fertilized raised seed beds. Healthy seedlings of 15 - 20 days old are transplanted in the water soaked fields. The seed rate for transplanting Bajra is 1 kg.
560:
D
Solution: Emmer wheat - Triticum Dicoccum Macaroni - Triticum Durum Mexican wheat - Triticum Aestivum Indian dwarf wheat - Triticum Sphaerococcum
561:
C
Solution: Calomel Electrode and Glass Electrode are emitter electrodes. These two types of electrodes are used for calibrating the ph meter and also used for the measurement of the pH of any substance. An emitter electrode is an electrode on a transistor from which a flow of electrons or holes enters the region between the electrodes.
562:
B
Solution: Prognosis means a forecast of the likely outcome of a situation. So, projecting the current weather conditions in the future is termed a prognosis or weather forecasting. It is done by the application of science and technology to predict the conditions of the atmosphere in any location at any time.
563:
A
Solution: The cultivation of tobacco usually takes place annually. The correct chronological order of agricultural practices in tobacco cultivation is Topping then Desuckering followed by priming. Topping is the process of removing of budding part of the plant to avoid the flowering and seeding process. Desuckering is the process of removal of lateral branches or suckers or auxiliary buds. Priming is the process of removing leaves from the plant as they mature.
564:
A
Solution: Peas, Groundnuts and Beans are leguminous crops while wheat is a non-leguminous crop. Leguminous crops are those crops that belong to the legume family and that have nodules in their roots that contain nitrogen fixing bacteria. The bacteria convert the atmospheric nitrogen into a soluble form of nitrates and ammonia form.
565:
C
Solution: The analysis or grade of a fertilizer refers to the minimum amounts of nitrogen phosphorus in the SSP in the fertilizer. $$eqalign{
& { ext{The does of nutrient}} cr
& = frac{{left( {{ ext{Quantity of fertilizer}} imes { ext{Nutrient content}}}
ight)}}{{100}} cr
& { ext{The quantity of fertilizer required}} cr
& = frac{{left( {100 imes { ext{Dose of nutrient}}}
ight)}}{{{ ext{Nutrient contant}}}} cr} $$ $$ = $$ 150 kg of SSP is required for application to one acre of rice field.
566:
D
Solution: Maize is the crop grown in Uttar Pradesh in all three seasons. The three main agricultural seasons are Kharif, rabi, and Zaid. Maize is the most versatile emerging crop and it can be grown in all three seasons pop corn, baby corn and corn cob.
567:
D
Solution: The traditional method to grow crops with low resources and inputs is termed subsistence farming. When farmers grow crops to meet their needs of themselves on small scale, not for commercial purposes. Its main characteristics are the Distress scale, along with Lack of technology, non-profit based, absence of chemical fertilizer and pesticides, etc.
568:
B
Solution: Biomass is the weight or total quantity of living organisms including plants, animals and microorganisms in a given area or volume. Biochemically all these are cellulose, lignin, sugars, fats and proteins. Chemically it is a mixture of methane, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. Methane is the major constituent (75%). So, the major constituent is carbon in biomass.
569:
A
Solution: Aruna is the variety of castor seeds that have been developed by mutation, not interspecific cross. Jagannath is the mutant variety of rice developing agency is Rice Research station Bhubaneswar. The breeding method is Mutation. Its characteristics are Semi dwarf, strongly photosensitive, and high seed dormancy. Jaya is also the variety of rice originated by the intervarietal cross, i.e. crossing over two different varieties. Pusa Jai Kisan is a soma clonal variant of mustard seeds, it is high yielding and developed through tissue culture techniques.
570:
B
571:
D
Solution: Darcy’s law is an equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium. The law was formulated by Henry Darcy based on the results of experiments on the flow of water through beds of sand, forming the basis of hydrogeology, a branch of earth science. Hagen- Poiseuille has given a physical law that gives the pressure law that gives the pressure drop in an incompressible fluid. Thus, the flow of water in saturated soil is described by both Poiseuille and Darcy.
572:
C
Solution: HT in HT Maize stands for Herbicide Tolerant. It is specifically designed to tolerate specific broad spectrum herbicides such as glyphosate, glufosinate and dicamba. It provides farmers with a broad variety of options for effective weed control.
573:
A
Solution: Alcohol dehydrogenase is a class of zinc enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to the corresponding aldehyde or ketone by the transfer of a hydride anion to NAD+ with the release of a proton. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity is low in the roots of Maize.
574:
D
Solution: Out of the following options, sunflower oil is the best vegetable oil that is good for a heart patient. Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil pressed from the seeds of the sunflower. It is primarily composed of linoleic acid, polyunsaturated fat, oleic acid, monosaturated fat and a large amount of vitamin E which makes it healthy for all and especially for heart patients.
575:
B
Solution: Dr. Harbhajan Singh is the famous Indian Plant Explorer, renowned as the “Indian Vavilov". He imparted a distinct identity to the discipline of Plant genetic resources in India. Dr. Singh Introduced large germplasm of wheat and rice that contributed to the Green revolution in India. He also introduced several new species and made outstanding contributions in the field of vegetable breeding.
576:
B
Solution: Ornithology is a branch of zoology dealing with the study of birds. It aims to reduce the ill effects of problem birds and enhance gains from beneficial species. Whereas poultry refers to domesticated birds kept by a human for their eggs, their meat, or their feathers.
577:
B
Solution: Black is the colour among all which absorbs more radiation, most of the light radiation and radiant energy. It will absorb maximum heat which leads to the maximum heated surface if black in surface whereas white colour reflects most of the light making it less heated. That is why it is advised to wear white in summer and black coloured clothes in winter to keep you warm.
578:
C
Solution: Epricania melanoleuca is a parasitoid effective against Sugarcane pyrilla. It is a moth in the family Epipyropidae. It is found in India, where its larvae are external parasitoids of the sugarcane planthopper (Pyrilla perpusilla). It has been used in biological pest control against this pest.
579:
D
Solution: Skip row planting is a technique of planting crops by leaving one or two rows in between, it allows roots to grow into moisture throughout the growing season and they have enough water available for grain filling. This practice also helps in less population thus less nutrient consumption, the yield comes out with amazing quality. This is very popular on sorghum plantations.
580:
A
Solution: The scientific name of sewan grass is Lasiurus scindicus . It belongs to the family Poaceae. It is native to drier regions of northern Africa and southwest Asia. It is a perennial, bushy, multi-branched desert grass that can live up to 20 years.
581:
D
Solution: The approximate average annual water availability in India is 1850 Billion cubic Meters (BCM). It is the average annual water resource of the 20 basins of the country. India receives nearly 4% of the global rainfall and ranks 133 in the world in terms of water availability per person per annum.
582:
C
Solution: The optimum seed rate for a normal sown crop of lentils is 30 - 40 kilogram/hectare. However, it depends on the quality of seed, nutrient supply, irrigation, and other basic parameters of agriculture. Lentil is a legume crop and its seed is edible.
583:
A
Solution: IIPR is the Indian Institute of Pulses Research located in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. It is a government institution established in 1983 by ICAR to carry out basic strategic and applied research on major pulse crops. It aims to develop appropriate production and protection technologies and pulse research.
584:
B
Solution: SSP or Single Super Phosphate is the cheapest fertilizer available in the market as a source of phosphorus. It contains 3 major essential plant nutrients that are Phosphorus (14.5%), Sulphur (12%) and Calcium (21%) along with traces of other micronutrients.
585:
B
Solution: Operation flood was the world's largest dairy development program and a landmark project of India's National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). It was launched on 13 th January 1970 by Dr. Verghese Kurien, the chairman and founder of Amul. This operation lead to the white Revolution and transformed India from a Milk deficient nation to the world's largest milk producer.
586:
B
Solution: Dee-gee-woo-gen is the Gene responsible for the dwarfing characters in rice. This miracle rice is the high yielding semi-dwarf rice variety developed by the International Rice Research Institute in early 1960. This gene encodes an enzyme in the production of the hormone gibberellin which affects the plant height, and this improves its yield also.
587:
D
Solution: Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily composed of methane, Carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide. A renewable source of energy produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste and food waste. It contains 45 - 50% of methane and carbon dioxide (25 - 50%).
588:
D
Solution: LAI (Leaf Area Index), is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes the size of the plant canopies. It is defined as the projected area of leaves over a unit of land. It expresses the leaf area per unit ground or trunk surface area of a plant and is used as an indicator of the growth rate of a plant.
589:
B
Solution: Anabena is the principal nitrogen-fixing algal community of blue-green algae. It is found as plankton in shallow water and on moist soil as beadlike or barrel cells and interspersed with enlarged spores. They form symbiotic relationships with certain plants, such as mosquito fern.
590:
A
Solution: An aquifer is a body of rock or sediment that holds groundwater. Water potential at aquifers here means the total amount of permanent storage that exists in the aquifers in the form of ground water. Water potential at the aquifer is nearly 0 bar.
591:
B
Solution: For transplanting a one-hectare area of rice approximately 1000 meter square of the area is sufficient for nursery raising. It is $${frac{1}{{10}}^{{ ext{th}}}}$$ of the total area needed for conventional transplantation of rice. There are different methods of raising rice seedlings, these are the Wet bed nursery, the Dry bed nursery, the Dapog nursery, etc.
592:
D
Solution: Flocculation is a process where individual clay particles are pulled together. Dispersion is the act of repellence of the soil particles. Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between the molecules of soil particles. Soil structure is defined by the way individual particles of sand, silt and clay are assembled. Thus this was not correctly matched.
593:
C
Solution: Brix value is a measure of the soluble solids content of a solution. Brix value can be calculated by dividing the dissolved solids by the sum of the dissolved solid plus water, all multiplied by 100. $${ ext{Bx}} = frac{{left( {{ ext{Ds}} imes { ext{100}}}
ight)}}{{left( {{ ext{Ds}} + { ext{100}}}
ight)}}$$ And Brix value of sugar cane is in between 16 - 18.
594:
C
Solution: The Antarctic Blue whale is the largest living animal on the planet. It weighs up to 4,00,000 pounds and is about 98 feet in length. Its long and slender body can be of various shades of greyish-blue dorsally. The International Union for conservation of nature has listed blue whales as endangered species as they face numerous man-made threats such as ship strikes, pollution, ocean noise and climate change.
595:
B
Solution: In dwarf wheat variety, sowing depth is related to the length of the coleoptile. Coleoptile is the cylindrical organs that ensheath the first leaf and shoot apex in the wheat seedlings. It helps in the emergence of the first leaf by protecting it during its passage through the soil.
596:
C
Solution: The soybean is a species of legume native to East Asia and is widely grown for its edible bean. As per the evidence, soybean domestication between 7000 and 6600 BC in China. The history of the development of soybean varieties in India is quite new. The introduction of soybean started in 1960 with trials conducted at Pantnagar and Jabalpur agricultural Universities.
597:
C
Solution: Saccharum officinarum is a species of sugarcane is referred to as noble cane . Its stalks are vigorous and long with low fibre content, thick barrel-shaped internodes, large soft-rinded juicy stalks, and rich in sucrose.
598:
C
Solution: Lint in the cotton seed is the long- fibres in the cotton boll. Cotton lint refers to the fibrous coat that covers the cotton seeds, it is ginned cotton. The ratio of cotton seed to lint is 2 : 1.
599:
A
Solution: Glyphosate is a herbicide that specifically inhibits the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine and also inhibits plant enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) . Its exposure also inhibits symbiont establishment during host development. The herbicide glyphosate inhibits the shikimate pathway of the synthesis of amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan etc.
600:
A
Solution: Blackgram is believed to be originated from India. It is widely used in Indian cuisine also. It is one of the most important and costly pulses grown in India. It is very popularly grown in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Punjab and Haryana.
601:
A
Solution: Pulses are perennial plants grown in different cropping systems. Despite the implementation of the cropping system, early sowing in pulses is not recommended mainly due to more vegetative growth. It is advised to wait for suitable environmental factors for better plant germination and survival.
602:
B
Solution: The undesirable plant in any plantation is considered a weed. The most common weeds of rice plantations especially in Asia are Cyperus iria, Cyperus maritimus, Echinochloa glabrescens, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus difformis, Paspalum distichum, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli and Marsilea minuta.
603:
B
Solution: The standard deviation (S. D.) is a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values. A low S. D. indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean while a high S. D. means that the values are spread out over a wider range. Hence, if all values are negative then S. D. will be positive.
604:
C
Solution: Pyrheliometer is an instrument to measure a direct beam of solar radiation. Sunlight enters the instrument through a window and is directed onto a thermopile which converts heat to an electrical signal that can be recorded. It is used in meteorological and climate observations, material testing research and assessment of the efficiency of solar collectors.
605:
A
Solution: Puddling is the tillage of rice paddies while submerged, it is an ancient practice that is used to prepare the field for rice cultivation. Earlier it was done by buffalo or ox, nowadays with the advancement of technologies, tractors are used. This practice reduces the percolation rate of water and creates an impermeable layer by churning the clay particles.
606:
A
Solution: Rainfed farming is a farming type that depends on the rainfall for water. Rainfed areas in India are highly diverse, with approximately 40 - 45% of total agricultural land ranging from resource rich areas to resource constrained areas. Out of 329 million hectares of the total geographical area of India, around 150 million hectares are net sown area while 65 - 70 million hectares are rainfed.
607:
D
Solution: Protein is one of the basic nutrients required by the human body, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Proteins are also called building blocks of the body. The deficiency of protein lead to various disease, one of them is Kwashiorkor .
608:
B
Solution: Rice is a Kharif crop, that needs a hot and humid climate. Best production occurs in areas of high humidity, prolonged sunshine, and an assured supply of water. The average temperature required is 21°C - 37°C, but it tolerates up to 45°C. Rice is semi aquatic plant as it grows in submerged fields and needs consistent irrigation all through the life cycle.
609:
B
Solution: Durum wheat is a separate tetraploid species of wheat. Also called spring wheat and it is not much grown in India, despite that it is grown mainly in the central zone which includes the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, South Rajasthan and Maharashtra. Although durum wheat is known for its high protein content it is not so good to prepare chapatis, hence extensively grown for pasta production.
610:
C
Solution: As per the 2 nd advance estimates for 2021 - 22, total food grains production in the country is estimated at a record 316.06 million tonnes which is higher by 5.32 million tonnes than the production of the last year 2020 - 21.
611:
B
Solution: Bund former as the name suggests used for making bunds or ridges by collecting the soil on the edges and sides. Bunds are required in farmland to conserve water in the field's soil, they hold moisture and prevent runoff.
612:
B
Solution: The project directorate of Rapeseed and Mustard Research is located in Bharatpur, Rajasthan. It was established on 20 th October 1993. It is a multidisciplinary and multi-location research programme on rapeseed and mustard under the banner of the All India Coordinated Research project on oilseeds.
613:
B
Solution: Test weight refers to the average weight of cereal as measured in pounds per bushel. Test weight of sorghum is 25 - 30 grams approximately.
614:
D
Solution: AAS is Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, which is a technique for measuring the concentrations of metallic elements in different materials. It detects elements in either liquid or solid samples through the application of characteristic wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation from a light source. The measured attribute is absorption.
615:
A
Solution: Bagasse is the fibrous waste material, that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract the juice. It is used as a biofuel and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials.
616:
C
Solution: IARI - Indian agricultural research institute, New Delhi VPAS - Vivekanand Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora Uttarakhand NBPGR - National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi CSSRI - Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana
617:
A
Solution: The common name of Pegionpea is Red Gram or tur or arhar. After Chickpea, Pegionpea is the second most important legume crop of our country, mainly eaten in the form of split pulse i.e. dal. It is highly nutritious.
618:
C
Solution: All India coordinated maize improvement project was started in 1957. It is a systematic programme for research in maize with the commencement of the All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Maize under ICAR. It organizes testing, identification and development of technologies through multi-location trials.
619:
B
Solution: TFRI stands for Tropical Forest Research Institute situated in Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh and was established in 1988. It is one of the eight regional institutes under the Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education and its laboratory is also located in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. It helps in forest protection, forest extension, forest product Development, Biodiversity assessment, sustainable forest management, etc.
620:
A
Solution: Rh-Factor is named after rhesus monkeys, present on the cell membranes of the red blood cells. It is a basic test for determining the presence of the Rh antigen in human blood. It is represented as a positive or negative mark after the name of the blood group.
621:
A
Solution: The seed plot technique of potatoes is the technique to produce multiplied number of virus free seeds in the Northern Plains of the country. This technique was developed by CPRI in 1959 to grow healthy seeds during the low aphid period from October to the first week of January coupled with integrated pest management, roughing and dehaulming of the seed crop.
622:
B
Solution: DAP is Di-ammonium Phosphate and it is a preferred fertilizer as it contains 18% of Nitrogen and 46% of phosphorus. It does not contain muriate of potash. Thus the ratio will be 18 - 46 - 0 for nitrogen, phosphorus and potash respectively.
623:
A
Solution: The agricultural land area of India is divided into 15 agroclimatic zones and further divided into 72 more sub-divisions. It is based on soil type, climates, rainfall, etc. These are: 1. Western Himalayan division 2. Eastern Himalayan division 3. Lower Gangetic plain region 4. Middle Gangetic plain region 5. Upper Gangetic plain region 6. Trans-Gangetic plain region 7. Eastern plateau and hill region 8. Central plateau and hill region 9. Western plateau and hill region 10. Southern plateau and hill region 11. East coast plain and hill region 12. West coast plain and hill region 13. Gujarat plain and hill region 14. Western plain and hill region 15. Island region
624:
C
Solution: Relay cropping means growing four crops on the same land in a year in such a manner that one crop is sown before the harvest of the preceding crop. It solves the various problems of farming like an inefficient use of available resources, controversies in sowing time, fertilizer application and soil degradation.
625:
B
Solution: Peanut is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds and oil. Cultivated peanut is of hybrid origin and has a polyploid genome. It is a self-pollinating allotetraploid (AABB genome), Chromosome number of peanut is 2n = 4x = 40
626:
B
Solution: Drought Prone Area Programme means conservation, development, and use of land, water, cattle and human resources, especially in those areas, where the dry spell is found for a long period. It minimizes the adverse effects of drought on the production of crops and livestock. Its objective is to empower the poor rural farmers of drought-prone areas.
627:
D
Solution: Antiquality components of forage are any factor inherent in forage that limits the ability of grazing animals to reach their potential for growth and reproduction. Anti-quality characteristics are illness, poor animal gains, low consumption, and reproductive difficulties. The anti quality factor in sorghum up to 30 DAS is Hydrocyanic acid. It is a toxin known as dhurrin present in sorghum.
628:
B
Solution: Based on chemical, physical and biological features soil has been categorized into 12 categories and these are called soil orders. These are Vertisols, spodosols, Mollisols, Histosols, Entisols, Andisols, Ultisols, Oxisols, Inceptisols, Gelisols, Ardisols, Alfisols. Entisols are the most extensive soil order in the world, occupying 18% of Earth's land area approximately.
629:
D
Solution: Pusa Phalguni, Pusa Barsati, Pusa Rituraj and Pusa Dofasli are improved varieties of Cowpea. It is an annual herbaceous legume and is an important crop in semi-arid regions. The crop is mainly grown for its seeds, which are high in protein and also for forage.
630:
C
Solution: Adsali crop of sugarcane is planted in June/July. Sugarcane is an intermediate day length perennial plant. Adsali crop plantation is mainly followed in low rainfall areas of Maharashtra and the crop remains in the field for 18 months. This practice provides a longer period for vegetative growth therefore it gives a higher yield, approximately 1000 - 1200 quintal/hectare.
631:
B
Solution: Rancidity is one of the conditions of the oxidation process, aerial oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids present in fats and oils, which causes a change in colour, smell and taste of any such substance. In sunflower oil, because of lipid oxidation, the quality of food decreases, as fats and oils react with molecular oxygen present in the atmosphere resulting in rancidity.
632:
B
Solution: Nitrogen losses in any field occur mainly because of ammonia volatilization, denitrification, leaching, agricultural runoff, etc. And as in rice cultivation plantation is submerged type, ammonia based fertilizers are not recommended in flooded rice systems due to potential N loss through denitrification in the anaerobic plough layer.
633:
C
Solution: India is the largest producer of milk, jute and pulses and ranks second in the production of rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, etc. But the highest production in terms of million tons per year is sugarcane. India produces approximately 167 metric tons of sugarcane. Uttar Pradesh is the highest sugarcane producing state, it produces 135.64 million tons of cane.
634:
C
Solution: The Minamata disease is caused by the element mercury in the form of methyl mercury present in the industrial waste which is dumped into water bodies and causes water pollution. This disease was first discovered in 1956 in Japan. It is a lethal disease that can lead to paralysis and death.
635:
B
Solution: Gall midge is a pest that attacks Rice plantations and infects the leaves of the paddy crop. It causes a tubular gall at the base of the tillers causing elongation of the leaf sheaths which resemble onion leaves that is why also called onion leaf or silvery shoot disease. It mainly attacks the rice in tillering stage and submerged the plantation.
636:
D
Solution: In soil science, Immobilization means the conversion of inorganic compounds to organic compounds by micro-organisms or plants to make them inaccessible to plants. Immobilization of Sulphur takes place when the 'S' content of organic matter is less than 0.15%.
637:
D
Solution: Weeds are unwanted plants grown by themselves on any plantation. Weeds are classified into two groups, monocot i.e. grass family, and Dicot i.e. broadleaf plants. Here among all options, Cyperus rotundus is a monocot weed, while others are dicot weeds.
638:
B
Solution: Soybean is an annual legume of the pea family and its edible seed. It is economically the most important bean in the world. The optimum seed rate of soybean is 70 - 80 kg/ha. Soybean is an edible bean, which multiple uses. It contains a significant amount of Phytic acid, Dietary Minerals and B vitamins.
639:
C
Solution: Propanil is a selective post emergence herbicide for controlling broad leaf and grass weeds in rice, potatoes, and wheat. it is readily absorbed by the Leaf. Propanil is an anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of propanoic acid with the amino group.
640:
C
Solution: The method of harvesting tobacco in such a manner just by removing a few leaves as and when they mature is termed priming. In simple language, it refers to the removal of leaves. Matured leaves of yellowish–green colour with light brown spots are harvested by priming method.
641:
A
Solution: Shakti is the variety of maize having a high quantity of lysine. The other varieties Rattan, and Protina are also evaluated and released for cultivation based on being rich in amino acid lysine. Quality protein maize (QPM) is a family of maize varieties. These amino acids are essential for humans and monogastric animals but are limiting amino acids in grains.
642:
A
Solution: Cotton is the Kharif crop in the major parts of the country, the irrigated crop is sown in March - May and the rain fed crop in June - July with the commencement of the monsoon. It generally requires the temperature for vegetative growth approximately between 21°C - 27°C.
643:
C
Solution: Groundnut cake is a great fertilizer as it promotes the healthy growth of the plant. It provides a high yield with lush green and velvety leaves. Groundnut cake contains about 7.3% of nitrogen content. Castor cake has 4.3% of nitrogen content. Coconut cake contains 3% of nitrogen content.
644:
B
Solution: Santalum sp (Sandal) is a semi-root parasitic tree species. It is a genus of woody flowering plants and valuable sandalwood trees. Most of the root parasites photosynthesize their food but tap the roots of the other species for water and inorganic nutrients.
645:
C
Solution: National Research Centre for Groundnut is a Premier national level institute set up by the ICAR. It caters to the need for agricultural science research in the field of groundnut crops in India. It was established in 1979 at Junagarh, Gujarat. Dr. C. S. Praharaj is the Director of NRCG.
646:
D
Solution: Hydraulic conductivity is a measure of how easily water can pass through soil or rock. The value indicates permeable material through which water can pass easily while low values indicate that the material is less permeable. Hydraulic conductivity of soil is very low in the case of Alkali soils.
647:
C
Solution: Growing degree days are also known as growing degree units are a heuristic tool in phenology. It is a measure of heat accumulation to predict plant and animal development rates such as the date that a flower will bloom, or a crop will reach maturity. It is calculated by subtracting the plant’s lower base or threshold temperature of 50degree Fahrenheit from the average daily air temperature. Here, $$left[ {frac{{left( {13 + 30}
ight)}}{2}}
ight] - 5 = 16.5$$
648:
C
Solution: Rapeseed and mustard are leguminous plants, that belong to the Brassicaceae family. The seed pods of rapeseed and mustard are called as Siliquae . It is eventually green in colour but after ripening turn to brown colour.
649:
D
Solution: Leucaena leucoephala is a small fast growing tree, also called River tamarind, Jumbay, White popinac is widely used for a variety of purposes like Fencing, firewood, fiber, livestock fodder as well as manure to increase soil fertility. That is why it is also called a Miracle plant .
650:
C
Solution: Organic herbicides are the substances prepared from living wastes like plants essential oils etc. and it does not affect our environment they just act on the applied plant. Organic herbicides use active ingredients like Acetic acid, Citric acid, Clove oil, lemongrass oil, Citrus oil, etc. which contain carbon and hydrogen in their molecules.
651:
C
Solution: Polysaccharides are the agent which binds the organic matter present in soil aggregate and improves the texture and binding ability of the soil. Soil is the mixture of sand, silt, gravel and crushed stone along with some organic matter which provides nutrition to the plants growing in that soil.
652:
D
Solution: Potassium is the element that does not enter into permanent organic combination in plants because it is absorbed by the plants in a compound form not directly and it can be easily leached from nonliving plant tissue also.
653:
A
Solution: Nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium are the essential nutrients provided to the soil for maximum yield, its mixture is also known as NPK fertilizer, it is a combination of all three in specific portions. In a wheat field, when the yield is 50 quintal/hectare, it uses NPK in ratios 100-150, 70-80 and 125-150 respectively.
654:
C
Solution: A cropping pattern is a pattern followed to grow various crops in the same field at different proportions and at different points of time. This practice helps in maintaining the fertility of the soil with optimum utilization of resources, time-saving, and controlling the spread of disease and pests also.
655:
B
Solution: The critical stages of maize plantation are the Early vegetative, tasselling and silking stage but the most critical is the silking stage when the plant needs almost care about irrigation and nutrients. Corn is extremely sensitive to any stress which limits photosynthetic capacity if not taken care of at critical stages.
656:
C
Solution: A hybrid formed by crossing Wheat and Rye is known as Triticale . It is the combination of the words Triticum (Wheat) and Secale (Rye). It was first bred in laboratories of Scotland by A. S. Wilson in 1873. It is mostly grown for forage or fodder, but nowadays also used as breakfast cereals.
657:
D
Solution: A lysimeter is a device used to measure percolation and leaching losses from a column of soil under controlled conditions. It helps in studying water movement, nutrient loss, and soil-water balance, which are crucial for irrigation and soil management. Lysimeters are commonly used in agricultural research to understand evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, and pollutant transport in the soil. Other options: Infiltrometer measures the rate of water infiltration into the soil. Odometer is used for measuring soil compaction and consolidation. Psychrometer is an instrument for measuring humidity.
658:
D
Solution: The modern irrigation system is the implementation of technology in irrigation by the use of sprinkler irrigation, surface irrigation, drip irrigation, and subsurface irrigation methods. Reservoirs for irrigation include aquifers, basins, that collect snowmelt, lakes, and basins created by dams. The foundation for modern irrigation engineering in India was laid by Sir Proby Cauthy and Sir Arthur Cotton .
659:
D
Solution: Acre is the unit of land measurement in British Imperial and United States Customary Systems. 1 acre = 4046.86 square meter. = 43560 square foot. = 0.4046 hectare.
660:
B
Solution: There are various diseases caused by the number of pathogens in sugarcane. These are Red Rot, Wilt, Grassy shoot, Smut, Leaf Scald disease, Mosaic disease, Red striped Disease, etc. Out of all these, the most serious disease of sugarcane is Red rot, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum. It is characterized by interrupted red and white patches within the cane along with a sour odour.
661:
C
Solution: Potato is a crop that originated in South America (Peruvian - Bolivian Andes). It was believed to be cultivated in South America by the Incas as early as 1800 years ago. Sorghum is native to Africa. It was derived from the wild progenitor s. bicolour subspecies verticilliflorum. Soybean is believed to be originated from Asia minor, as per botanists, it was first domesticated in central China as early as 7000 BCE. As per the evidence from Mohen-Jo-Daro, excavations, indicate that wheat was being grown there more than 5000 years ago.
662:
D
Solution: RMO-40 is the variety of Mothbean. It has short stature and a non-spreading plant type with synchronous maturity. It is resistant to the yellow mosaic virus in the fields. It is widely cultivated in the western zone of Rajasthan in the drought prone area.
663:
D
Solution: NARS stands for National Agricultural Research System. It is a system that brings together public and private sector research institutions, universities and other institutions engaging in integrated and coordinated agricultural research for development. It is responsible for providing technical, analytical, diagnostic and advisory services and up-to-date information to the agriculture sector.
664:
D
Solution: Silicon is the chemical element with atomic number 14. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic luster. It is the second most abundant element in the earth’s crust after oxygen. It is relatively unreactive, but it shows a high affinity toward oxygen, it links up with oxygen to form the most common minerals on Earth.
665:
D
Solution: Polish rice is done to increase the brand value of the product. It is done during the milling process after the removal of the outer covering of rice. The polish percentage in paddy is 8%. Nutritionally, rice polishing contains 13% - 15% protein, 11% - 12% oil and 40% - 45% nitrogen free extract.
666:
A
Solution: As the yellow colour resembles oil, it is related to the revolution in the production of edible oil seeds to meet the domestic demand of the country. It is one of the most important agricultural revolutions launched in the Philippines. Sam Pitroda was the father of the Yellow Revolution in India. It was mainly achieved due to TMO (Technology Mission on Oilseeds) in 1986.
667:
C
Solution: India has the largest area in rice cultivation in the world, and at the end of the fiscal year 2021, it is around 45 million hectares with production estimated to be 127.93 million tonnes. West Bengal has the highest production of rice in the country. Almost half of its arable land is under rice cultivation
668:
D
Solution: Jagannath is a mutant dwarf variety of rice released in the year 1971 by Rice Research Station, Bhubaneswar. It is developed by the method of mutation which is why called as mutant variety. It is fairly resistant to stem borer and broad spectrum of field resistance to major pests and diseases.
669:
D
Solution: The ideal carbon: nitrogen ratio generally should be around 30 : 1. A C : N ratio of 20 : 1 leads to net nitrogen mobilization, and it causes a very fast decomposition process resulting in ammonia and soil carbon losses. Thus the application of organic materials with a C : N ratio wider than 20 to 30 : 1 leads to the Immobilization of soil Nitrogen.
670:
C
Solution: Triticum aestivum is a hexaploid species that is a widely grown and edible species of wheat. It has a hexaploid genome arrangement, with six copies of each chromosome. Wheat is an important source of carbohydrates, source of multiple nutrients, and dietary fiber.
671:
C
Solution: Methane is the greenhouse gas out of the following given options. The presence of methane in the atmosphere affects the earth's temperature and climate system. It is emitted from fossil fuel consumption, agriculture, and landfills. The other gases which are responsible for the greenhouse effect are carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, hydrochlorofluorocarbons and ozone in the lower atmosphere.
672:
B
Solution: Dapog method is the technique of raising paddy seedlings in the nursery and this technique was brought to our country from the Philippines. In this technique, seedlings are raised on a thick stand without any soil. Seedlings are ready to be transplanted in 12 to 14 days.
673:
B
Solution: The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture is situated in Ibadan, Nigeria and was established in 1967. The present Director General of this Institute is Ntetanya Sanginga. It is a non-profit organization that works with partners to enhance crop quality and productivity, reduce producer and consumer risks and generate wealth from agriculture, with the ultimate goals of reducing hunger, malnutrition and poverty.
674:
A
Solution: The sustainable irrigation potential of India has been estimated to be 139.5 million hectares i.e. 140 million hectares approximately. Out of which 58.5 mha comes from major and medium river-fed irrigation canal schemes, 15 mha from minor irrigation canal schemes and 66 mha from groundwater well-fed irrigation.
675:
A
Solution: The colour of the certification tag in the foundation seed is white. Certification of a tag is issued by seed certification agencies. It is to maintain the genetic identity and purity of the seeds and crop ultimately. The breeder seeds have golden yellow tags, registered seeds have opal blue tags and certified seeds have the green tag.
676:
C
Solution: One ton is equal to 1000 kgs. One ton = 9.07 quintal One ton = 2204.62 pounds. It is a unit to measure weight. Originally it was used as a measurement of volume.
677:
C
Solution: Parthenium hysterophorous is an invasive species belonging to the family Asteraceae. It invades disturbed land, including roadsides. It infests pastures and farmland also known as famine weed. This plant produces allelopathic chemicals that suppress crop and pasture plants and allergens that affect humans and livestock. This weed causes respiratory problems and can trigger asthmatic allergies.
678:
C
Solution: Sugarcane is planted by three main methods, Flat planting, trench method, and furrow planting. In furrow planting, furrows are made with a sugarcane ridge about 10 - 15 cms deep and setts are planted end to end in the furrows and covered with 5 - 6 cms soil, leaving the upper portion furrows unfilled. This practice reduces lodging.
679:
C
Solution: Degreening is the process of removing the green coloring from the skin of citrus fruit, with the motive to show it as ripe. This is achieved by adding a measured amount of ethylene gas in a temperature and humidity controlled environment. It is approximately 20 ppm.
680:
D
Solution: India is the world’s largest producer of milk, pulses and jute and ranks as the second largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane, groundnut, vegetables, fruit and cotton. Our country is also one of the leading producers of spices, fish, poultry, livestock and plantation crops.
681:
C
Solution: Critical stages of irrigation of sugarcane are the stage which is affected severely because of water stress, these stages are sprouting, formative stage, ripening, and initiation of sprouts. But the most critical stage is the formative stage which is tillering stage.
682:
B
Solution: FCI i.e. Food Corporation of India is a statuary body created and run by the Government of India, it was established on 14 th January 1965 and is headquartered in New Delhi. It maintains a satisfactory level of operational and buffer stocks of food grains to ensure National Food Security. It also regulates market price to provide food grains to consumers at a reliable price. It ensures the distribution of food grains throughout the country.
683:
D
Solution: Uttar Pradesh is the largest sugarcane-producing state of India producing over 1333 lakh tonnes followed by, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. So, out of the all other options Tamil Nadu is the largest producer of sugar cane i.e. 375 lakh tonnes.
684:
D
Solution: The book “The Nature and properties of soils” is written by Nyle. C. Brady, Emeritus professor. It covers Soil Fertility, Land Resources, Earth Science and Soil Geography.
685:
B
Solution: The bitter taste of gram Kaveri is due to the presence of oxalic acid in it.
686:
A
Solution: The salinity affected area has its unique method of plantation. They follow a furrow irrigation system and maximum salts accumulate in ridges of soil between the furrows. Some follow ridge cultivation with drip irrigation which can decrease soil salinity and produce ecological benefits. Northern areas are salinity affected areas thus ridge cultivation occurs in northern slope areas.
687:
B
Solution: LGLL stands for Laser Guided Land Levelling. As per the studies it is believed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by saving energy, reducing cultivation time, and increasing input efficiency. It works through a laser transmitter which transmits a laser beam, which is intercepted by the laser receiver mounted on the leveling bucket. The control panel mounted on the tractor interprets the signal from the receiver and opens or closes the hydraulic control valve, which further raises or lowers the bucket. Its effect lasts for 2 - 3 years.
688:
B
689:
D
Solution: Gram and pigeon pea are the two crops that are responsible for almost 75% of pulse production in India. In the financial year 2021, India's production volume of grams including both horse gram as well as Kabuli chana for the rabi season was nearly 12 million metric tons. And the production of red gram or arhar was 4.43 million tonnes.
690:
C
Solution: Gossypium hirsutum is also known as upland cotton or American cotton. The United States, the world’s largest exporter of cotton, constitutes nearly 95% of all cotton production. It is native to America which is why also called American or Mexican cotton.
691:
C
Solution: Simazine is an herbicide of triazine class. It is used to control broad leaved weeds and annual grasses and most commonly used herbicide in maize crops. Simazine is an off-white crystalline compound that is sparingly soluble in water and comes in the category of residual non-selective herbicide.
692:
C
Solution: Parthenium hysterophorus (Congress grass) is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is the common invasive species of India that invades disturbed land, including roadsides. It is a serious invasive weed of pasture systems, reducing pasture productivity by 90%. It can be controlled by Zygogramma bicolarata , a species of leaf beetle also referred to as Parthenium beetle.
693:
B
Solution: Plasmodesmata are coaxial membranous channels that cross walls of adjacent plant cells, linking cytoplasm, plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum of cells. It allows the direct cytoplasmic cell to cell communication of both small and macromolecules. It involves symplastic movement of fluids and molecules which means the movement of water in between the cytoplasm and the vacuoles through plasmodesmata beyond the cortex of plant cells.
694:
C
Solution: Dr. C. T. Patel is known as the father of hybrid cotton. The world's first hybrid variety of cotton i.e. H4 was developed by the late Dr. C. T. Patel at Cotton Research Station, Surat, Gujarat in the year 1970. That is why he is known as the father of hybrid cotton. This hybrid because of its high yield potential became a popular variety among the farmers for cultivation.
695:
C
Solution: A temperature of 5°C is known as Biological Zero . This term was first published in the soil science literature in the first edition of soil Taxonomy, and it was described as the temperature below which biological or microbial activity is sufficiently low that reducing conditions do not readily develop in saturated soils.
696:
B
Solution: The scientific name of 6 rowed barley is Hordeum vulgare . The specific feature which makes it 6 rowed variety of barley is having the three spikelets of each cluster fertile so that the spike is six-rowed.
697:
D
Solution: A catch crop is a fast-growing crop that is grown between successive planting of the main crop. It is a short-duration crop in between two main seasonal crops. It is a type of successive planting and it makes more efficient use of growing space. It prevents minerals from being flushed away from the soil.
698:
A
Solution: Nitrogen fixation is the phenomenon of converting atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds which can be absorbed by the legume plants in the presence of microorganisms through a series of biochemical reactions. The process of nitrogen fixation is increased by the application of phosphorus fertilizer to the soil. It enhances the symbiotic nitrogen fixation process in legume crops.
699:
A
Solution: Plant available water is the capacity of any plant is the difference between the soil's water content at the drained upper limit and the crop lower limit. It is the maximum amount of water stored in a soil profile that can be used by plants. A portion of capillary water is a type of plant available water.
700:
A
Solution: Water is the most essential element for each organism present on Earth. Plants get nutrients from the air, water and soil. All the essential nutrients are provided by these basic elements. But plants can be grown in the absence of soil like in the hydroponics method , but cannot be grown without water. Water is the element required for transporting nutrients to the plant.
701:
B
Solution: Leaf water potential (LWP) is a useful index of soil water stress when experienced by plants. When plants undergo water stress, under low availability of water, plants develop mechanisms to cope with water stress by decreasing LWP. Air temperature, humidity, wind and soil water availability are the factors that affect LWP.
702:
B
Solution: Composite variety is a variety developed by mixing the seeds of various phenotypically outstanding lines possessing similarities for various characteristics. The first composite variety in India was released in 1967. The six maize composites were Ambar, Jawahar, Kissan, Vikram, Sona and Vijay.
703:
C
Solution: Deficiency symptoms of boron can be observed on apical buds. Boron is an essential microelement for higher plants, its deficiency affects depression of growing points like root tip, bud, flower and young leaf and deformity of organs like root, shoot, leaf and fruit.
704:
A
Solution: The clay particles are bound together because of force between them, but the presence of a large number of huge sodium ions which has lower charge density disrupts the force between the particles and hence it causes dispersion of clay particles especially when the soil is wet.
705:
C
Solution: A total of 143 million hectares of geographic land is agricultural land in our country, out of which approximately 40% - 48% is rainfed, which relies on irrigation to fulfill the water requirements of the plants. And this percentage is about 50 million hectares.
706:
D
Solution: The seed rate of potatoes is 15 - 18 quintals/hectare for round varieties and 20 - 25 quintals/hectare for oval varieties. While the yield of any cultivation depends upon the quality of the seed, soil type, irrigation, spacing, climate, rainfall, etc.
707:
A
Solution: A Stevenson screen is a shelter or enclosure for meteorological instruments against precipitation and direct heat radiation from the outside environment. The screen should face pole wards, which means it should face north in the northern hemisphere and south in the southern hemisphere to keep the sun from shining directly on the thermometers and affecting the readings.
708:
B
Solution: Matric potential, pressure potential and gravity potential are all calculated for soil water while turgor potential is not calculated for soil water. The turgor potential is the difference between osmotic potential and water potential, assuming that matric potential and gravitational potential are negligible. A matric potential exits in soil when the soil is unsaturated and the water in the soil is under tension.
709:
A
Solution: Awarodhi variety of gram is resistant to Wilt. Chickpea is a plant that belongs to the family of legumes. It is very high in fiber content and protein content. While wilting is the disease in grams caused by a fungus that lives in the soil. Leaves become yellow, dry, and ultimately drop from the plant.
710:
C
Solution: Central Institute of Agricultural Engineer was established at Bhopal on 15 th February 1976 under ICAR. The main motive of this institute is to address the areas of farm machinery, post-harvest technology and energy in agriculture. It also includes activities based on Agro-industrial extension, Instrumentation, irrigation and Drainage Engineering.
711:
A
Solution: Bajra, also known as Pearl Millet, is a Kharif crop and can be grown in different soils. It does not grow well in waterlogged soils. It is sowed by using a ridge or furrow system and the depth of sowing of bajra seed is 1 - 2 cm in the ground.
712:
B
Solution: Flowers are the most attractive part of the plant. Flowers of lantana plants are multicolored and have a vine-like sprawling appearance from woody branches. Rounded bunches of small, brightly and multicolored flowers that may be red, orange, white, yellow, purple or blue are unique characteristics of the Lantana plant.
713:
C
Solution: Thank you for your observation — it's a valuable point and highlights an important distinction. You're right in noting that under practical field conditions , the hulling percentage of rice may vary between 60% to 66% , especially when dealing with: - Lower quality or immature paddy - Poor post-harvest handling - Suboptimal dehusking equipment However, when we refer to the standard or expected hulling percentage in the context of agronomy or agricultural engineering , we are typically talking about ideal or optimal conditions — that is: - Well-dried and properly matured paddy - Clean grain without impurities - Efficient hulling machinery Under these ideal conditions, the hulling percentage — which is the ratio of brown rice (dehusked rice) to the original paddy weight — is accepted to be in the range of 67% to 70% . This value is based on research data and is used as a benchmark in academic and competitive exams related to agriculture . Why Option C (67% - 70%) is Correct: Hulling percentage = (Weight of brown rice / Weight of paddy) × 100 A value of 67%–70% indicates high efficiency and good grain quality . This range is also mentioned in many standard agronomy textbooks and government agricultural manuals . It represents optimal post-harvest output , not average field-level performance. So, while it's true that in less controlled conditions the percentage might be slightly lower (60%–66%), the correct answer in the academic and exam-oriented context remains Option C: 67%–70% , as it represents the theoretical or ideal hulling standard used for benchmarking.
714:
C
Solution: The Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture is the first agricultural university in India. It was inaugurated by Jawahar Lal Nehru on 17 th November 1960 and is located in Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. This University is regarded as the harbinger of the Green Revolution in India. It brought a significant force in the development and transfer of High Yielding seeds and other agriculture-related technologies.
715:
B
Solution: Beckett 1964 has developed the concept of the Q/I relationship. K is potassium ions here in the soil solution and I is the Intensity factor while Q is the Quantity factor. As per this concept, K+ in the soil solution to the changes in exchangeable K+ in the soil thus, a develop a Quantity - Intensity (Q/I) relationship for predicting the K availability to plants.
716:
B
Solution: To calculate the volume required per hectare (ha) for spraying, we need to find the area covered by one swath and then multiply it by the number of swaths required to cover one hectare. Area covered by one swath = length × swath width = 70 m × 1.4 m = 98 m² To cover one hectare (10,000 m²), we need to divide the total area by the area covered by one swath: Volume required per hectare = (Area of one hectare) / (Area covered by one swath) × Volume for one swath Volume required per hectare = (10,000 m²) / (98 m²) × 2 L = 204.08 L Rounding off 204.08 to the nearest whole number gives 204 L . So, the correct answer is indeed Option B: 204 L .
717:
D
Solution: Growing coconut, black pepper, and ginger simultaneously in the same field are called Multistoried Cropping means growing plants of different heights in the same field at the same time. Coconut is the tall heighted tree, while black pepper is a normal height plant and ginger is the herbaceous plant grown underground. This practice is mostly used in Orchards and plantation crops for maximum use of solar energy even under high planting density.
718:
B
Solution: Jowar is primarily a native of Africa but now it is grown in many of the countries as a cereal grain and also for fodder. It is either cultivated in warm climates worldwide or naturalized in pasturelands. Most of the varieties are drought and heat tolerant, nitrogen efficient and are specially grown in arid and semi-arid regions.
719:
C
Solution: PDR 14 is a widely grown variety of Rajma. It is high-yielding a hybrid variety of Red variegated seeds of kidney beans in India. It is tolerant of BSMV. Karnataka, Maharastra, and Karnataka are the major producers of Rajma in India. This crop is used as a source of food, feed, fodder, green manuring and green pasture.
720:
D
Solution: Dapog's method of growing rice seedlings in the nursery was first done in the Philippines. In this method, a dense stand of seedlings is raised without any contact with soil. By this method, Dapog seedlings are ready for transplanting in 12 days.
721:
B
Solution: DIMBOA is 2, 4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1, 4-benzoxazine-3-one a naturally occurring hydroxamic acid and is a powerful antibiotic present in maize . It was identified in maize in 1962 for the first time and named a 'corn sweet substance'. It can also form complexes with Iron in the rhizosphere and enhance the iron supply in maize.
722:
B
Solution: Relay cropping is a method of multiple cropping where one crop is seeded into a standing second crop well before harvesting the second crop. Here, out the given option Maize-potato and wheat-green gram are an example of the relay cropping system.
723:
C
Solution: The C 3 cycle is also known as the Calvin cycle. The plants that go through the Calvin cycle are called C 3 plants. It is the cycle of chemical reactions that occur in the chloroplast of the plant cell where the carbon from the carbon cycle is fixed into sugars. 3-phosphoglyceric acid is the first stable product of the Calvin cycle in C 3 plants.
724:
B
Solution: Punjab is the top state in the consumption of fertilizer in our country. Punjab alone consumes about 9% of the total fertilizers in India and it is 190.1 kg/ha per unit area basis on the gross cropped area. Maize is the greatest consumer of fertilizer in the world i.e. 16.2%, followed by wheat at 15.3 and rice at 133.7%
725:
D
Solution: Fe-HEDTA is the Iron chelate suitable for application to crops grown on acid soils. Fe-HEDTA is Fe-Hydroxyethylenediaminetriacetic (Hydroxy ethylene diamine triacetic) acid. Iron is an essential nutrient for the growth of the plant, it acts as a component of many enzymes and catalyzes the formation of precursors of chlorophyll. The stability of iron chelates also depends on the hardness of the water and the pH of the soil.
726:
A
Solution: Rice proteins have higher levels of amino acid methionine than most other plant sources like wheat, maize, etc. Brown rice is also rich in leucine with sufficient levels to promote hypertrophy. A biological value of a food refers to a high supply of essential amino acids.
727:
B
Solution: Chinese scientist Yuan Longping is renowned as the 'Father of Hybrid Rice. He made his seminal discovery of the genetic basis of heterosis in rice. The first hybrid rice was released for commercial cultivation in 1974 AD. This is the first time hybrid rice varieties were used for large scale plating.
728:
A
Solution: Thiourea is an Organic Sulphur compound similar to urea where the oxygen atom is replaced by a Sulphur atom. It can also be called a Sulphur analog of Urea, chemically also known as thiocarbamide. Its chemical formula is NH 2 -CS-NH 2 . It acts as an important bioregulator for the growth and development of crop plants. Exogenous application boosts the growth and productivity of plants under normal as well as stressful conditions.
729:
D
Solution: Deficiency symptoms on lower leaves are due to deficiency of phosphate i.e. P 2 O 5 . P 2 O 5 is triple superphosphate, a concentrated form of superphosphate and it contains 46% of P 2 O 5 . The deficiency of phosphorus tends to inhibit or prevent shoot growth. Leaves turn dark, dull, blue-green and may become pale in severe deficiency. At first, the old leaves from the lower parts are affected but they may be translocated to the younger leaves also.
730:
B
Solution: Groundnut oil is the most used food oil in India. It is the naturally processed oil made from extracting groundnuts through a cold squeezing process. It promotes a healthier lifestyle and improves the flavours of the food with a multitude of benefits and is rich in required nutrients.
731:
A
Solution: Kresek is nothing but a phase in a wilting syndrome that occurs in the early stage of plant growth of rice in Bacterial leaf blight (BLB). BLB is the destructive bacterial disease observed for the first time in Japan and is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas . Keresek mostly occurs within 3 - 4 weeks after transplantation of the crop.
732:
C
Solution: FAO stands for Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations and was formed on 16 th October 1945, and headquartered in Rome, Lazio. It is a specialized agency that leads international efforts to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and food security.
733:
B
Solution: Pea is an annual plant, with a life cycle of one year and belongs to the legume family. Arkel, Early Badger, Bonneville and Early December are the improved varieties of Pea. Arkel is the early season variety introduced from England Dwarf plants bearing double pods at lower nodes and singles at upper nodes. Early Badger is a dwarf, Wrinkled seeded variety introduced from the USA. Bonneville is a popular introduced variety from the USA, plants are medium tall and flowers are mostly borne in doubles. Early December is also known as Jawahar Matar 3 and was developed at Jabalpur by the process of hybridization. It gives high shelling percentage.
734:
B
Solution: Rajasthan Agricultural University is Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University headquartered at Bichhwal, Bikaner, Rajasthan. This university concisely aims to impart and promote knowledge related to agriculture. It is authorized to provide instructions in Agriculture and its allied sciences.
735:
B
Solution: Berseem is an annual clover that belongs to the legume family, cultivated mostly in irrigated sub-tropical regions. Berseem is generally frost-sensitive, used mostly as fodder and cover crop. Berseem seeds are treated with Rhizobium trifoli culture to get a good yield. Rhizobium culture forms a symbiotic association between the roots and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
736:
B
Solution: The pF value is a quantity that indicates the quality of water available in the soil. The pF value is zero when the soil is filled with water in submerged conditions. Whereas the water remaining in the soil after 24 hours of irrigation or rainfall is the field capacity and at field capacity, the value of pF is 2.5.
737:
A
Solution: The correct answer is Option A: NDDB, Anand . Operation Flood , also known as the White Revolution , was a large-scale dairy development program in India. Its main goal was to increase milk production and make India self-sufficient in milk. The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), located in Anand, Gujarat , was the key organization responsible for planning, implementing, and managing Operation Flood. Now, let's look at the other options: NDRI, Karnal (National Dairy Research Institute) is an important research institution for dairy science, but it wasn't the main operational body for Operation Flood. IVRI, Izzatnagar (Indian Veterinary Research Institute) focuses on veterinary research, not primarily dairy development. NDRI, Bengaluru (National Dairy Research Institute) is another campus of the National Dairy Research Institute but NDDB, Anand was the main body. Therefore, NDDB in Anand was the central agency that drove the success of Operation Flood .
738:
C
Solution: TZ is Tetrazolim Chloride seed test is a rapid germination test, the result is out within 24 hours. It is a chemical test used to determine seed viability. TZ test is used to detect seed weaknesses before they become evident in germination tests and it also provides timely guidance in quality control programs. But TZ test requires specialized training and experience and is more laborious and tedious to perform than a germination test. Moreover, TZ tests do not reflect dormancy as well as fungal or chemical damage.
739:
D
Solution: Brackish Water Fish Farmer's Development Agency is the organization that is working on the development of shrimp culture for the farmers. It aims at making use of the country's wide area of brackish water and improves shrimp farming under the execution of FFDA.
740:
B
Solution: Terminator technology is the genetic modification of plants to make them produce sterile seeds, which are called suicide seeds. This technology is widely used in cotton to prevent genetic modifications done to genetically modified crops like GM cotton from spreading to other plants.
741:
A
Solution: A companion cropping is a crop sown with the other crop to gain some advantage in yield or crop protection from pests or also one can act as support for another climber crop. Sugarcane + potato is an example of companion cropping. Sugarcane is a tall plant while potatoes can be grown underground, both can be grown simultaneously in the same field without harming each other.
742:
A
Solution: ‘Pusa Jai Kisan' is the high yielding mustard variety, that has been developed through the tissue culture technique. Somatic hybridization is a technique that has been used to tap the potential of related or distant species of crops by the fusion of protoplasts of two different plants. Bio902, is lab name of Pusa Jai Kisan, was released in the year 1994 for commercial cultivation as Pusa Jai Kisan.
743:
B
Solution: Acid forming fertilizers are acidifying agents which can help to raise the acidity levels of the soil. And Acid equivalent is that portion of a formulation that theoretically could be converted back to the corresponding parent acid. The acid equivalent of urea is 80, not 60.
744:
A
Solution: Oxalic acid is the acid derived from the green leaves of chickpea and it is prescribed for intestinal disorders. It also prevents the formation of kidney stones and reduces the risk of cystic fibrosis.
745:
A
Solution: Our atmosphere is divided into five layers. These are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere from lowest to top in series. The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere and thus it is nearest to our Earth. It extends upward to about 10 km (6.2 miles or about 33,000 feet) above sea level.
746:
B
Solution: Soil structure is the way of assembling different particles of soil like soil, sand, clay and other particles. Adding compost and nutrient fertilizers can add texture and improves the structure of the soil. Super phosphate is a fertilizer that helps in the maintenance of soil structure by providing an insoluble matrix on which complexion assists to hold the soluble fertilizer constituents in place.
747:
A
Solution: Mimosine is an amitotic agent and toxin present in Leguminous crops. It has a major effect on stopping hair growth. Leucaena is a multipurpose, ideal tree for growing on wastelands for fencing, soil fertility, firewood, fiber and livestock fodder. Its seeds are found to have a high content of mimosine toxin.
748:
A
Solution: The potato belongs to the family Solanaceae. It is a family of flowering plants that range from annual and perennial herbs to vines, epiphytes, shrubs and trees. The name Solanaceae derives from the genus Solanum and it is also termed as Nightshade family.
749:
A
Solution: C4 plants show a higher efficiency of photosynthesis. The primary carboxylation in C4 plants takes place in the Chloroplast of mesophyll cells. PEP is the primary acceptor of carbon dioxide which combines with carbon dioxide which combines with carbon dioxide in the presence of PEPCase enzyme to form Oxaloacetate.
750:
B
Solution: Every fertilizer is applied in a specified dose and specific interval of time duration or the stage of crop cultivation. The dose of Nitrogen (N), Super phosphate (P 2 O 5 ), and muriate of potash (K 2 O) is recommended to be around 140 - 40 - 0 respectively for wheat cultivation. Nitrogen is required in the maximum amount, it serves to promote tillering, enable photosynthesis, and build protein in the grain.
751:
C
Solution: Uttar Pradesh has the highest potential for ground water in India. Uttar Pradesh is blessed with a very rich system of Ganga, Yamuna, and their tributaries. As per the data given by the Central Water Commission (CWC) of India, Uttar Pradesh is the state having the highest percentage of total annual replenishable ground water resources. It has 77.19 billion cubic meters of total annual replenishable ground water.
752:
B
Solution: In agriculture, Non-Monetary inputs include all those cultural operations like time of sowing, depth of sowing, soil management by growing leguminous crops, weed management and increment in crop diversity, etc which help to achieve high yield of the crop. The optimum time of sowing is the main management factor that influences grain quality and its yield.
753:
C
Solution: Soil gas is also the mixture of all types of gases found in the air space between soil components, if they do not contain water, are filled with air. Soil air contains 0.25% of Carbon dioxide much more than its percentage in the atmosphere which is only 0.04%. As we know plants breathe out carbon dioxide which makes its percentage higher near their horizon.
754:
D
Solution: Linseed oil is the chief vegetable source of Omega-3 Fatty acids. Linseed oil is also known as flax seed oil obtained from the dried, ripened seeds of flax seeds. Flax seed is an annual crop grown either for its fiber or its oil. It contains 50% - 60% omega-3 fatty acids in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA).
755:
D
Solution: In Cyanide resistant respiratory pathway, the electron is transported through AoX or Alternate Oxidase. The flow of electrons from reduced coenzymes to ubiquinone is the same as in the usual mitochondrial electron transport chain. Cyanide Resistant Respiration (CRR) is a widespread metabolic pathway among yeasts, that involves a mitochondrial alternative oxidase sensitive to Salicyl Hydroxamic Acid (SHAM).
756:
B
Solution: Most botanists believe that it was domesticated in Central China in early 7,000 BCE. It was introduced in India in 1963 by the USA with trials conducted at Pantnagar and Jabalpur agricultural Universities. Soybean is an edible bean, which multiple uses. It contains a significant amount of Phytic acid, Dietary Minerals and B vitamins.
757:
A
Solution: Butea species is the genus of flowering plants belonging to the pea family, Fabaceae. This is known as ‘Fire of Forest or Flame of forest’ because of its bright orange coloured flower, from a distance, it seems like a flame of the fire in the forest. The blooming of this flower also heralds the Spring season.
758:
A
Solution: LEISA is Low-External-Input and sustainable Agriculture. It is a sustainable alternative to Green Revolution to make strategies for intensive use of external and locally available inputs like soil, water, vegetation, local plants, knowledge and skill. It enables the process economically feasible and ecologically sound.
759:
C
Solution: The biological way of controlling weeds involves using living organisms, such as insects, nematodes, bacteria, or fungi to reduce weed populations. The classical approach to controlling weeds is to maintain the fields with an ecologically stable population without harming crops.
760:
B
Solution: An Apiary is a location where beehives of honey bees are kept and reared for the production of honey on a commercial scale. It is an enclosed structure, made of wooden boxes with an opening that directs the flight path of the bees. An Aviary is a large enclosure for confining birds.
761:
C
Solution: Water stress is the condition when the water supply is limited to its roots, and the transpiration rate become intense. When plants are subjected to water stress it causes changes in stomatal response, ROS scavenging, metabolic changes, and photosynthesis. These collective responses lead to an adjustment in the growth rate of plants as an adaptive response for survival.
762:
A
Solution: Plants are differentiated based on the requirement of direct sunlight, short-day plants flowers only when the day length is less and plants get approximately 8 hours of sunlight while the other one is long day plants that flower when the day length is more than twelve hours.
763:
B
Solution: The greenhouse effect is the condition of the trapping of the sun's infrared radiations which ultimately increases the temperature of the earth. Various gases are responsible for this effect like carbon dioxide, water vapour, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, etc. the rise in the percentage of these gases because of pollution in the air lead to rising in the greenhouse effect.
764:
C
Solution: Sorghum contains hydrocyanic acid and toxic alkaloid dhurrin and dihydroergosine. Dhurrin is a cyanogenic glycoside produced in many plants. It is discovered in multiple varieties of sorghum as the culprit of cattle poisoning by alkaloids.
765:
D
Solution: IPM Is Integrated Pest Management . It is a sustainable, science base, decision making process that combines biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools to identify, manage and reduce risk from pests in a certain way that minimizes overall economic, health, and environmental risks.
766:
D
Solution: The leading state in the production of groundnut in Gujarat, accounting for 40% of total groundnut production in the country. Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal are also the producer of groundnut and add their parts to the total production of groundnut in the country.
767:
A
Solution: Cajanus cajan L is the scientific name of legume pigeon pea, also called arhar or tur dal in the common language. It belongs to the legume family i.e. Fabaceae. It is consumed on large scale in South Asia and is a major source of protein for the population of the Indian subcontinent.
768:
D
Solution: Sea island cotton is the variety of cotton belonging to Gossypium barbadense . It is a tropical, frost-sensitive perennial species that produces yellow-colored flowers and has black seeds. Other names associated with this species include sea island, Egyptian, Pima and extra-long-staple cotton .
769:
B
Solution: Wheat is grown for food, Groundnut is a legume crop and an oil seed also, most portion of it is grown for the production of groundnut oil. Jute is a well-known fiber plant, grown in India on a commercial level and sugar beet is used to produce beet sugar because of its 16% of sugar content.
770:
B
Solution: Nitrogen losses in any field occur mainly because of ammonia volatilization, denitrification, leaching, agricultural runoff, etc. And as in rice cultivation plantation is submerged type, ammonia based fertilizers are not recommended in flooded rice systems due to potential N loss through denitrification in the anaerobic plough layer. Denitrification losses of nitrogen in rice can be prevented by placing ammonical fertilizers into the reduced zone.
771:
C
Solution: Soybean is a legume crop, that forms symbiotic association with rhizobium bacteria in the root area to form nodules for fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Soybean is mostly inoculated with Rhizobium japonicum .
772:
B
Solution: Magnesium is the central core of the chlorophyll molecule in plant tissue. Chlorophyll is the pigment that is required for the process of photosynthesis, thus magnesium plays a vital role in the process of food synthesis in plants.
773:
B
Solution: Rice is a short day plant, photo periodically those plants which require around 8 hrs of day light for flowering, fruiting, and its proper growth is short day plant while those which require around 12 hrs of daylight for heading and flowering to occur.
774:
D
Solution: The cohesiveness and tenderness of cooked rice depend largely on starch while starch is a mixture of two polymers amylose and amylopectin , so it ultimately depends upon the proportion of amylose and amylopectin present in the rice. Rice with high amylose content becomes firm and dry after cooking, whereas rice with medium amylose content makes the rice softer and stickier and low amylose content makes it quite soft and sticky.
775:
A
Solution: Genetically modified organisms (GMO) is the term used for the organisms produced through the process of Genetic Engineering using techniques like recombinant DNA technology, and reproductive Cloning to experiment with genes and DNA.
776:
C
Solution: Boron is the essential element required for the translocation of sugars in sugarcane. Translocation as the term suggests means the transfer of sugars produced in the leaves to all other parts of the plant via the phloem.
777:
C
Solution: A major proportion of our atmosphere constitutes nitrogen and it is present in different forms of our atmosphere. Nitrogen is very important for the proper growth and development of plants. Plants take nitrogen in the form of nitrates . Moreover, nitrates can be easily lost to groundwater. Some of the nitrogen in the form of ammonia is also absorbed by plants but it is directly used in protein synthesis.
778:
B
Solution: A Cotton bale is a standard sized and weighed pack of compressed cotton lint after grinning. Different countries have their standards of bale size, in India, the standard bale size is 170 kgs. The cotton yield is calculated in terms of the number of bales.
779:
C
Solution: Cirrus clouds are short, detached, hair-like clouds found at high altitudes. It is the highest known cloud which seems to be very delicate and wispy, with a silky sheen, that looks like tufts of hair. These are a very vivid white colour, present in the sky individually, not connected.
780:
B
Solution: Flint corn is commonly known as Indian corn or Zea Mays Indurata . In this variety, each kernel has a hard outer layer being as hard as flint to protect the soft endosperm. It has low water content which makes it more resistant to freezing than other vegetables.
781:
B
Solution: Jhuming is a type of conventional cultivation method practiced mostly in hilly areas. It is also known as shifting agriculture or ‘slash and burn agriculture’. It is the practice of clearing a piece of land by burning it to make it applicable for cultivation, then it is abandoned and allowed to revert to its natural vegetation for some time.
782:
D
Solution: The rice flower is called a spikelet and is incomplete, as there are no sepals and petals but it has both stamen and pistil. The floret of the rice flower consists of one gynoecium with two stigmas, 6 stamens, two glandular organs, one palea and one lemma in each flower.
783:
A
Solution: India is the second most in producing wheat worldwide after China. In 2020, the total wheat production of china was 134.3 million tonnes while it was 107.6 million tonnes for India. Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of wheat in India.
784:
A
Solution: Phalaris minor is a major weed of the wheat fields which belongs to the family Gramineae. It resembles wheat seedlings to a large extent. On average each plant produces 10,000 - 30,000 seeds. Test weight of Phalaris minor is 2 g while that of the wheat plant is 40 g.
785:
D
Solution: Gujarat is the highest producer of wheat in the country. The state alone produces 38.55 lakh tonnes. The highest production is seen in Junagadh District with 6,50,000 tonnes, followed by Jamnagar with 5,55,000 tonnes and Rajkot with 4,70,000 tonnes.
786:
B
Solution: Crop evapotranspiration represents soil evaporation and the water used by a crop for growth and cooling purposes. The ratio between crop ET and Pan ET, where the crop is raised on a large scale under optimum growing conditions is called crop coefficient . Potential evapotranspiration is the evaporation and transpiration that potentially could occur if a field of the crop had an ideal unlimited water supply.
787:
D
Solution: Mimosine is the alkaloid found in seeds and leaves of Leucanea leucocephala. It is the toxic, non-protein amino acid that limits its value as animal feed. It causes alopecia, growth retardation, cataract, goiter, decreased fertility and mortality in non-ruminants.
788:
A
Solution: Dapog method of growing rice seedlings in the nursery was first done in the Philippines. In this method, a dense stand of seedlings is raised without any contact with soil. By this method, Dapog seedlings are ready for transplanting in 11 - 14 days.
789:
B
Solution: A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the number of photons absorbed after it passes through the sample solution. It is based on Beer-Lambert Law which states that the amount of light absorbed is directly proportional to the concentration of the solute in the solution and the thickness of the solution under analysis.
790:
C
Solution: Kalyan Sona is the semi-dwarf variety of Wheat developed in 1963. It is a double dwarf variety that possesses good yield, is disease resistant, and is cultivated all over India. Wheat is one of the oldest and most important cereal crops grown in a variety of soils.
791:
B
Solution: Humic acid is a fraction of humus that is soluble in alkali and insoluble in acid. Humus is the organic and nutrient-providing material of soil, it is formed by the decomposition of leaves and other plant material by soil microorganisms. Humic acid is the group of molecules that bind to and help plant roots receive, water and nutrients.
792:
B
Solution: Cotton is the crop that has the highest consumption of pesticides approximately 50%. Cotton cultivation covers 5% of agricultural land but it accounts for the consumption of 50% of pesticides.
793:
B
Solution: Parawilt is also known as Sudden Wilt. In wilted plants, the root system degenerates. Damage to the roots affects their ability to take up and move water to the rest of the plant. This lead to higher transpiration in wilted plants due to their insensitive stomata, which ultimately causes parawilt in cotton.
794:
A
Solution: The above formula represents MAI which is Moisture Adequacy Index. It is the standardized measure used for assessing the degree of adequacy of rainfall and soil moisture to meet the potential water requirement of crops. LER is Land Equivalent Ratio, which means the ratio of the area under sole cropping to the area under intercropping needed to give equal amounts of yield at the same management level.
795:
A
Solution: SOP is the Standard operating procedure for use of Drone application, with pesticides for Crop Protection and for Spraying in soil and crop nutrients in Agricultural, Forestry, and Non-cropped areas. As per the table, food grain production in SOP during 2003 is Rice - 77.7 m. tonnes, wheat - 68.9 m. tonnes, coarse grain - 25.1 m. tonnes and pulses - 11.5 m. tonnes.
796:
A
Solution: Aggressivity is a measure of how much relative yield increase in one species is greater than that for another in any intercropping cultivation. An aggressivity value of zero indicates that both components species are equally competitive.
797:
D
Solution: The greenhouse effect is the phenomenon of warming of the earth's atmosphere because of the emission of greenhouse gases, which trap harmful U.V and infrared Solar Radiation. The main consequences of Green house effect increase in the temperature of the earth i.e. Global Warming which further leads to the melting of glaciers, a rise in Sea level, floods and famine, etc.
798:
C
Solution: The directorate of Wheat Research (DWR) is located in Karnal, Haryana. It was moved from IARI, New Delhi to Karnal in the year 1990. It ensures the food security of India by increasing the productivity and profitability of wheat with the use of eco-friendly techniques.
799:
C
Solution: Viticulture, horticulture and sericulture are well developed in the Mediterranean region worldwide. The Mediterranean region is the area around the Mediterranean sea that has a Mediterranean climate, with mild to cool, rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers, which supports forests, wildlife, woodland and scrub vegetation.
800:
D
Solution: Pusa Mausami, Pusa naubahar, Pusa Sadabahar are the popular varieties of Guar (Cluster Beans). It is an annual legume and it grows well in semiarid areas, but frequent rainfall is necessary. It is a valuable plant in a crop rotation cycle, as it lives in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
801:
B
Solution: Retting is the process of employing the action of bacteria and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and gummy substances surrounding bast-fiber bundles, thus separating the fibre from the stem. The optimum temperature for retting of sun hemp is 21° - 27°C.
802:
C
Solution: Biofertilizers are living microbes to enhance nutrition in plants by either mobilizing or increasing nutrient availability in soil. And treating seeds with biofertilizers are done before sowing to make seeds viable, and resistant to pest and pathogens. The general dose of Biofertilizer for seed treatment is approximately 20 g/Kg.
803:
A
Solution: Organic farming is the need of this era. It is the farming practice of growing crops without using synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, GMOs and livestock food additives. The main aim of organic farming is to reduce the dependence on chemical fertilizers to conserve the environment and natural resources.
804:
A
Solution: India is the world's second largest producer of rice and the largest exporter of rice in the world.
It is a Kharif crop and is mainly grown in areas that receive heavy rainfall. Traditional rice growing areas are West Bengal, Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh, Odhisa, etc. But because irrigation process made it feasible to grow Rice in a nontraditional areas like Punjab and Haryana also.
805:
C
Solution: Cohesion is the force of attraction to bind molecules of the same kind. Adhesion is the force between two surfaces inside the body that causes them to stick together. Matrix force is the action between water and soil, the attraction that holds water to soil particles.
806:
C
Solution: Tea is the agricultural product that is the largest earner of foreign exchange for our country. India is the top tea-consuming country in the world and we consume about 80% of tea that is produced. India's total tea production was 1257.52 kg for the year 2020.
807:
D
Solution: Boron deficiency is the most widespread micronutrient deficiency and it causes large losses in crop production and its quality. Boron deficient plants have poor vegetative and reproductive growth, resulting in inhibition of cell expansion and reduced fertility. Boron deficiency was first reported in Bihar.
808:
B
Solution: Castor is an oil seed and is a perennial flowering plant. It is believed to be originated from Tropical Africa, indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean Basin, Eastern Africa and India. The castor seeds contain 40 - 60% oil that is rich in triglycerides, mainly ricinolein.
809:
C
Solution: Cotton is sown in the southern part of India is a little late as compared to northern India. The sowing time is around August - September. Adsali is one of the planting seasons of sugarcane and its sowing time is from July - August. This planting is common in Maharastra. Lentil in northern India is sown from November - December. The sowing time of the Soybean in northern India is from June - July.
810:
C
Solution: Parthenium also known as Gajar Ghans, belongs to the family Asteraceae and sub-family Asteroidea. It is the most common invasive species in India. Parthenium causes milk disease in livestock and is also responsible for respiratory malfunction in humans.
811:
B
Solution: Berry is associated with wheat and is a whole wheat kernel, composed of the bran, germ and endosperm, without the husk. Wheat berries are tan to reddish brown colour and are available as either a hard or soft processed grain.
812:
D
Solution: Heavy shredding of buds and bolls occurs in cotton because of water stress at the bud formation stage. Bud formation stage is the critical irrigation stage in the developmental stage of the cotton plantation but delayed irrigation can lead to disaster for the plants.
813:
B
Solution: Changes in Seasons occur due to the rotation of Earth on its axis. Our Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of about 23.4 degrees and different parts of the earth receive more or less amount of solar radiation at different angles. When the earth's orbital plane is tilted towards the sun, it's summer for that hemisphere and when it's away, it's winter for them.
814:
D
Solution: The chromosome number of the Sesamum indicum is 26. It is diploid. (2n = 26) and this was first reported by Moringa al. The somatic chromosome numbers of 13 species in the genus sesamum. Genetic diversity in sesame as in other crops has been reduced during domestication and breeding. Sesame is also known as the queen of oils and belongs to the family Pedaliaceae.
815:
B
Solution: Phalaris minor is a type of grass that belongs to the family Gramineae. It is a tufted annual bunch of grass with a spike like panicle. It reaches up to 1.8 meters in height. It is used as fodder or forage for livestock and birdseed.
816:
C
Solution: Heteromorphic seeds of Asteraceae and Chenopodiaceae don’t permit gaseous exchange. Heteromorphic seeds usually differ in colour, size and shape as well as in dispersal, dormancy, and germination. It may be considered an adaptation to maximize the fitness of plants under harsh and unpredictable environments.
817:
A
Solution: As per the botanist, there are 17 essential elements required for plant growth and these are Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphur, Boron, Chlorine, Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Copper, Molybdenum and nickel. Carbon is not on the list of essential nutrients and is not considered a fertilizer nutrient.
818:
C
Solution: Antitranpirants are substances that are applied to reduce the transpiration process in plants to protect them from drying out too quickly. Atrazine is a widely used herbicide that can be applied to control broadleaf and grassy weeds. To some extent it can also be used as Antitranspirants as in low concentrations it induces stomatal closing which leads to stopping transpiration for some time.
819:
B
Solution: Thiourea is the chemical fertilizer used to treat seed potatoes to break their dormancy. It is a catalyze inhibitor, which triggers potato tubers germination and healing of tuber injuries.
820:
A
Solution: Sugar recovery is the percentage of sugar produced after processing of definite weight of sugarcane. The Recovery rate of the sugarcane crop in India as per the latest reports from last year's financial year is about 8 - 10%.
821:
B
Solution: Anabena is one of the principle "Nitrogen fixing" algal communities of blue-green algae. Anabena is found as plankton in shallow water and on moist soil with beadlike or barrel like cells and interspersed enlarged spores to provide nitrogen to plants in soluble forms.
822:
C
Solution: When ice melts, the total volume of water decreases because the density of ice is less than that of water, thus when the ice melts the volume of water will decrease.
823:
B
Solution: Field capacity is the maximum limit of the water available in the soil, after the drainage of excess water. The physical definition of field capacity is the bulk water content retained in the soil at $$-$$33 kPa of the hydraulic head or suction pressure. Thus in field capacity, the water is held at a tension of $$ - frac{1}{3}$$ bar.
824:
C
Solution: Bollworm is the common term for a moth larva that attacks the fruiting bodies of certain crops, especially cotton and it causes a huge loss in the yield. The cotton bollworm is widely controlled by biopesticides Bacillus thuringiniensis (Bt) toxin and baculovirus HaNPV.
825:
A
Solution: The seed rate of soybean produced in the summer season is more than the seed rate of soybean planted in the Kharif season. It is around 100 - 120 kg/ha during summer and 70 - 75 kg/ha during Kharif season.
826:
B
Solution: The optimum seed rate is the amount of crop harvested from the field when provided with all favorable parameters like temperature, rainfall, seed quality, soil quality, fertilizers, etc. For tobacco plantations, the optimum seed rate is 2 - 3 kilogram/hectare.
827:
A
Solution: Agronomy is the study of the crop and plants for cultivation, production, and management in the field, also dealing with its soil environment and other basic parameters. Climatology is the study of the atmosphere and weather patterns over time. Agriculture is the practice of growing plants and livestock.
828:
B
Solution: A hybrid formed by crossing Wheat and Rye is known as Triticale . It is the combination of the words Triticum (Wheat) and Secale (Rye). It was first bred in laboratories of Scotland by A. S. Wilson in 1873. It is mostly grown for forage or fodder, but nowadays also used as breakfast cereals.
829:
B
Solution: In agriculture, herbicides are often applied using various types of sprayers or dusters. When it comes to herbicide wastage through drift, the Ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayer is the most problematic. High volume sprayer: This type of sprayer typically produces larger droplets, which are less prone to drifting. While there might be some wastage due to drift, it is generally lower compared to other methods. Ultra-low volume (ULV) sprayer: These sprayers produce extremely fine droplets, which are highly susceptible to drift. Even slight wind or air currents can carry these droplets away from the target area, resulting in significant herbicide wastage. Hand sprayer: When used properly, hand sprayers can minimize drift since the applicator has more control over the direction and intensity of spraying. However, if not used correctly, drift can still occur. Duster: Dusters are used for applying dry formulations of herbicides. While they may not directly contribute to liquid drift, there can still be wastage due to dispersion of dry particles by wind. Therefore, Option B: Ultra-low volume sprayer is the type of sprayer that causes more wastage of herbicide by drift.
830:
B
Solution: IIIite is a group of clay minerals in a 2 : 1 ratio and is non-expanding. It is a secondary mineral precipitate, like a phyllosilicate or layered alumino-silicate. Its structure is a 2 : 1 sandwich of silica tetrahedron (T) - alumina octahedron (O) - silica tetrahedron (T) layers.
831:
C
Solution: Plankton, Nekton and Benthon have aquatic emergence whether it is Marine water, freshwater or pond. These are not components of the Grassland ecosystem.
832:
C
Solution: Auxin is an important phytohormone that is a key regulator of plant growth and development, helps in overcoming apical dominance induced by auxins and stimulates the formation of chloroplast in leaves. It is also involved in the process of nutrient mobilization.
833:
B
Solution: Sericulture is the process of rearing silkworms for silk production. Also termed Silk Farming. Sericulture has become an important cottage industry. Today, China and India are the two main producers with more than 60% world's annual production.
834:
C
Solution: In India, Uttar Pradesh is the highest sugarcane producing state, which is why it is also known as the "Sugar bowl of India". The area under cultivation of sugarcane in the Uttar Pradesh is 22.77 Lakh hectares with a production of 135.64 million tons.
835:
A
Solution: Maize plants show three types of roots: i. Adventitious roots: these are fibrous roots that develop from the lower nodes of the stem below the ground level which are the effective and active roots of the plant. ii. Seminal roots: it develops from radical and is temporary. iii. Brace or prop roots: produced from the lower two nodes to provide strength to the plant.
836:
C
Solution: BGA stands for Blue green algae, used as biofertilizer in eco-friendly agricultural practice. As algae can grow in an aquatic medium, it is useful for paddy plantations where the field is submerged in water. BGA has emerged as an economical and environment friendly fertilizer.
837:
A
Solution: How to calculate plant population: 1. The plant population of any field is given by multiplying the plant's spacing by the spacing between the rows. 2. The total area of the field a square meters. 3. Divide 10,000 by the result of multiplying the between plant spacing and the between rows spacing as given: $${ ext{Plant population =}}$$ xa0 xa0$$frac{{{ ext{area of field under cultivation }}left( {{{ ext{m}}^2}}
ight)}}{{{ ext{between plant spacing (m)}} imes { ext{between rows spacing row (m)}}}}$$ Here, Space between the plants is 40 and 80. Taking average is 60 centimeter = 0.6 meter Space between the rows = 25 centimeter = 0.25 meter $$eqalign{
& { ext{Plant population}} = frac{{5,000}}{{0.60 imes 0.25}} cr
& ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, = frac{{5,000}}{{0.15}} cr
& ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, = 33,333 cr} $$
838:
D
Solution: Ion exchange is the exchange of ions in any crystal or on any surface. Ion exchange in clay minerals occurs because clay minerals can absorb cations from the solution while the absorption of anions from the solution is very less. While sodium cation has a low absorption capacity on clay and it is influenced by the composition and salinity of the solutions.
839:
D
Solution: P. M. A. stands for Phenyl Mercuric Acetate is an odorless, crystalline powder, which is more often used as an herbicide, antiseptic, catalyst, fungicide and preservative for latex paints. P. M. A. induces stomatal closure and thus acts as an antitranspirant when used at low concentrations for a short duration.
840:
B
Solution: Our Earth's atmosphere is composed of about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9 % argon and 0.1% of all other gases like carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour and neon. Argon is the third most abundant noble gas in the earth’s atmosphere at 0.934%.
841:
A
Solution: Oryza sativa is the scientific name of Asian rice and is a diploid species with two sets of 12 chromosomes.
The genome of rice is composed of 24 chromosomes and has a total length of 430 megabases.
842:
C
Solution: A composite cultivar is a variety that is developed by mixing the seeds of various phenotypically outstanding lines possessing similarities for different characteristics like height, seed size, colour and maturity. A synthetic variety is developed by intercrossing several genotypes of known superior combining ability. In maize cultivation, both composite and synthetic cultivars are used.
843:
D
Solution: The acid equivalent is that portion of a formulation that theoretically could be converted back to the corresponding parent acid. Concerning fertilizer, it can be defined as the acidity developed by a fertilizer when applied to soils, measured in terms of calcium carbonate required for its neutralization. The acid equivalent of urea is 80.
844:
C
Solution: Paddy fields occupy the maximum area in India of about a 45 million hectares of total agricultural land as of the end of the fiscal year 2021. Rice is the principal crop of our country. West Bengal is the largest producer of rice in our country and occupies more than 50% of its arable land for rice cultivation.
845:
B
Solution: Potato is the starchy tuber of the family Solanaceae. It is the herbaceous perennial and is mostly grown as a rainfed crop. The main crop of potato is sown in the 3 rd week of October i.e. from 15 th October to 25 th October. While in the plains the spring crop of potato is grown and sown in January.
846:
A
Solution: Tillering stage is the physiological process of continuous underground branching of compact node joints of the main shoot. It usually starts when the plant has three or four leaves. The ideal temperature range for tillering stage in wheat is 16 - 20 degrees Celcius.
847:
B
Solution: Gossypium hirsutum is a group of cotton commonly known as upland cotton, American cotton, Mexican cotton, etc and it accounts for over 90% of production. It includes several varieties or crossbred varieties with varying fiber lengths and tolerances to several growing conditions.
848:
B
Solution: The opaque-2 mutation in maize is associated with an increased level of free amino acids in the mature endosperm. It contains a high concentration of Lysine, the most limiting amino acid.
849:
C
Solution: Potential Evapotranspiration or PET is the combined loss of water through the plant's process of transpiration via its vascular system at the same time evaporation of water from the earth's surface. While Precipitation is in the form of water falling out of the sky to the earth. And under dryland farming areas, PET is more than Precipitation.
850:
D
Solution: LAI = Leaf Area Index CGR = Crop Growth Rate NAR = Net Assimilation Rate LAR = Leaf Area Ratio RGR = Relative Growth Rate When LAI is 1, then Crop growth Rate is the same Net Assimilation Rate. A low leaf area index directly influences the light interception per unit area, affecting CGR and ultimately the NAR.
851:
C
Solution: LER is the Land Equivalent Ratio . When LER is 1.25, it indicates not only a relative yield increase of 25% but also a monetary increase of 25%. LER is a concept in agriculture that describes the relative land area required under sole cropping to produce the same yield as under intercropping culture.
852:
C
Solution: Several varieties of groundnut show bunch type fruiting like GG-2, GG-4, GG-5, GG-6. These varieties are mostly grown in summer as they mature earlier and are harvested safely before the onset of monsoon.
853:
C
Solution: Pollen viability refers to its functionality which is the ability of pollen to mature, germinate and transfer the male gametes to the embryo sac. Wheat pollen loses germination ability rapidly when stored at room temperature in both dry airs as well as humid air. Thus, boron is the plant nutrient responsible for pollen viability in wheat.
854:
D
Solution: Water harvesting is rainwater harvesting and is an ancient technique to be used to collect the rainwater through excess runoff on the farm in ponds, or in underground storage tanks to use later for agricultural or domestic purposes.
855:
A
Solution: Resistance to plant disease is either Vertical i.e. Specific or Horizontal i.e. Nonspecific. A plant variety that exhibits a high degree of resistance to a single race or strain, of a pathogen is said to be vertically resistant. This is usually controlled by a single plant gene but after large-scale cultivation, for 4 - 5 years it becomes susceptible to it.
856:
A
Solution: Triple dwarf Mexican wheat varieties were developed by N. E. Borlaug in 1970 and were introduced as a major revolution in food security called Green Revolution. The varieties that were introduced in India were Sonora-64 and Lerma 64.
857:
C
Solution: Every crop requires a daily minimum temperature for proper germination and cotton requires 16°C, but growth will be slow at this temperature. 21°C - 27°C is required for vegetative growth and 27°C - 32°C during the fruiting period.
858:
C
Solution: Explanation: The correct answer is Option C: nursery raising . Let's break down why: * Dapog Method: This is a special way of growing rice seedlings before they are transplanted to the main field. * Nursery Raising: This refers to the process of nurturing young plants in a controlled environment (the nursery) before they are planted in the field. The Dapog method is a form of nursery raising where rice seedlings are grown very densely on a prepared surface (often concrete or plastic sheets) without soil. This makes it easier to transplant them. * Interculture operation: This refers to practices done between rows of crops after they've been planted (e.g., weeding). * Seed-bed preparation: This is about preparing the soil where seeds are directly sown, not a specific method for raising seedlings before transplanting. * Inter-cultivation: Same as interculture operation Therefore, the Dapog method is directly related to nursery raising .
859:
A
Solution: Chicory root comes from a plant with bright blue flowers that belong to the dandelion family. These are ground and made into a powder to blend with coffee to enhance its flavor, it can also be used as an alternative.
860:
D
Solution: Akiochi disease of Rice is associated with hydrogen sulphide toxicity. The rice reacts to sulphide by producing impermeable barriers in the roots. It causes black crown and root rot in rice.
861:
C
Solution: Alley cropping is a specific practice in which trees or shrubs and crops are grown in alternate rows. And these trees are commonly pruned to limit the shading of the agricultural crop. And one more thing that needs to be supervised is the width of the alley, it should be at least 3 meter. Alley cropping helps in restoring soil fertility by nutrient cycling and erosion control.
862:
C
Solution: The deficiency of molybdenum mimics nitrogen deficiency as in the absence of sufficient molybdenum the plants accumulate nitrate in their leaves, but cannot use it to make proteins for normal growth. The plant becomes stunted and the leaves show symptoms of nitrogen deficiency and appear to be pale green or yellowish green in colour.
863:
B
Solution: Arid and Semi-arid regions are characterized by mean annual precipitation between 200 and 700 mm. Effective rainfall is equal to the difference between total rainfall and actual evapotranspiration. And effective rainfall for arid and semi-arid regions of India is assumed to be 70%.
864:
B
Solution: Maize is a crop of tropical origin and adapted to short day lengths, therefore the photoperiodic behavior of maize is Quantitative short day plant. Maize show sensitivity to the photoperiod on a high scale due to high expression of cicardian rhythm responding genes improperly early in the light.
865:
D
Solution: Javanica variety of rice is mostly grown in Indonesia. These are with broad, stiff, light green leaves. It is low-tillering and has a tall plant stature. Rice cultivation in Indonesia is well suited because of its warm climate, high amounts of rainfall and low labour costs.
866:
D
Solution: 'Zero tillage system' was first used successfully in 1950 for pasture renovation in the USA. A zero tillage system is an agricultural technique of growing crops or pasture without disturbing the soil through tillage. It decreases the amount of soil erosion.
867:
A
Solution: A cold wave is declared as cold when the minimum temperature of the wave is 10 degrees Celcius or below. It is usually less than normal by 6° - 8°C.
868:
B
Solution: The quantum yield of any radiation-induced process like photosynthesis is the number of times a specific event occurs per photon absorbed by the system. It is a definitive measure of the energetic efficiency of photo autotrophy. It is calculated from light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis. It is approximately 0.08 - 0.12.
869:
B
Solution: M-13 is one of the high yielding and spreading types variety of groundnut. The main axis of the plant is very short and erect and it spread horizontally along the ground usually an inch above the ground except at the tips.
870:
D
Solution: The Green Revolution began in the 1960s initiated by Norman E. Borlaug, during which agriculture was converted into a modern industrial system by the adoption of technology, high yielding variety and dwarf varieties of wheat and rice.
871:
A
Solution: Groundnut is a highly grown major oil seed crop in India. Groundnut is mostly a Kharif crop but in addition to hybrid seeds variety is now also sown as a Rabi crop. The annual production of groundnuts is around 7,180.5 thousand tonnes approximately.
872:
B
Solution: Almost all the seeds have some oil content in them like wise cotton seeds also have about 15 - 25% of oil content. Oil is extracted from the kernel of the seed. Cotton seed oil is used for salad oil, mayonnaise, salad dressing, and similar products of its flavor stability.
873:
A
Solution: An embryo of the seed during germination divides into radicle and plumule. Radicle is the first most emerging part of the growing plant which further develops into root while Plumule is the part from where shoot of the plant is formed.
874:
A
Solution: Soil electrical conductivity is a measure of the number of salts in soil i.e. salinity of the soil. It is an excellent indicator of nutrient availability and loss, soil texture and available water capacity. The electrical conductivity of alkaline soil is less than 4 ds/m.
875:
B
Solution: Type-44 (Pusa Baisakhi) was developed in 1962 as a cross between Type-1 × Type-49. The plants of this variety are semi-spreading, medium in height, and pods are 7 - 9 cm long containing 11 - 14 seeds. It is suitable for spring and summer sowing and the average yield is 8 - 10 quintal per hectare.
876:
B
Solution: The railway station is the most common place in the city where the value of altitude is mentioned for the city. It is mentioned in km from the sea level.
877:
D
Solution: The neutron scattering technique is used to measure water content in the soil. The principle involved in this method is when a source is lowered into the soil and fast neutrons are emitted, the soil causes the neutron to slow and scatter. The result is that the probe becomes surrounded by a cloud of slow neutrons. But this method is not useful in estimating the moisture in organic soils.
878:
B
Solution: Rice is one of the staple food crops of India for human nutrition and caloric intake. There are many varieties of rice and it tends to vary regionally as per the culinary preferences. At present India exports rice to over 150 countries in the world. It is more than 33% of total rice being exported in 2020 - 21. Whereas Rice export in 2004 - 05 it was 13% only.
879:
B
Solution: Pyranometer is the instrument that is used to measure solar radiation on a planar surface. It is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density from the hemisphere above within in range of 0.3 micro meters to 3 micro meters. The name Pyranometer is derived from the Greek words Pyr means ‘fire’, ano means 'above the sky'.
880:
C
Solution: An infrared thermometer is used to measure crop canopy temperature. An infrared thermometer measures temperature from a part of the black body radiation produced and discharged by the targeted material. These are also called laser thermometers as the laser is used to aim the target.
881:
D
Solution: Soil texture is an important soil characteristic that influences the overall productivity rate of crops. Soil texture is usually a complex size distribution represented by the relative proportions of the three particle-size fractions i.e. sand, silt and clay. Soil texture can be changed by adding other soil materials whether it's sand, silt, or clay. It cannot be changed and is affected by the use of fertilizer, pesticides and tillage practices.
882:
B
Solution: Phytohaemagglutinin is generally known as Lectins found in plants, especially certain legumes. It consists of two closely related proteins, called PHA-L and PHA-E, which cause blood cells to clump together. It is found in the highest quantities in uncooked red kidney beans and white kidney beans.
883:
B
Solution: Phosphate availability is highest in the soil at pH 6.5. soil available phosphorus is the fraction of total phosphorus in soil that is readily available for absorption by the roots of the plant. Approximately 30% - 65% of total soil phosphorus is in organic forms, which are not available to plants, while the remaining 35% - 70% is in inorganic forms.
884:
A
Solution: Uttar Pradesh is the highest producer of potatoes in India, followed by West Bengal and Bihar. Uttar Pradesh shares 31.26% of the total production of potatoes in the country. Jharkhand is the lowest producer of potatoes accounting for 1.44% of the overall production of potatoes.
885:
C
Solution: PMA is Phenylmercuric acetate, it is a chemical used in crops to reduce transpiration. It is an antitranspirant when it is applied directly to the leaves of a plant, it reduces the amount of water lost through transpiration by closing the plant’s stomata.
886:
A
Solution: Central Agricultural University is an agricultural university established on 26 th January 1993 and is situated in Imphal, Manipur. The present chancellor of this university is Dr. Anupam Mishra. The university has established 13 different constituent colleges, 6KVs and 6 multi-technology testing centres in 6 different states of the north-east.
887:
D
Solution: The altitude of a place is the height of that place above mean sea level and these levels are called the average or the mean level has an average height above the surface and can be seen in the rise and the fall of the tides in an open coastal area.
888:
D
Solution: Soybean is a legume crop and highly nutritious. It is rich in protein 35 - 45% and its oil content is about 15 - 25%. It also contains 33% carbohydrates and up to 16.6% of soluble sugars. 100 gm of soybean seeds provides 173 calories.
889:
B
Solution: Sprinklers are suitable where the soil has a clayey and loamy texture and undulating topography. It is best suited to sandy soils with high infiltration rates. The sprinkler is a device used to spray water plants. It allows the application of water under high pressure with the help of a pump.
890:
B
Solution: Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of the soil for agriculture affecting the characteristics of soil like rate of percolation, soil temperature, soil water conservation, and evapotranspiration processes. Raising crops with the least tillage operations is called Minimum tillage.
891:
B
Solution: ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) is one of the types of Spectroscopy which is used to detect and measure elements to analyze chemical samples. It is an analytical method that can measure the trace levels of elements in biological fluids, and therefore it can be used for 23 nutrients.
892:
A
Solution: Adsali is the name of the planting season of sugarcane. Sugarcane is planted thrice a year in India in tropical regions, it is from July - August in Adsali, January -February and also in October - November which is called Eksali. Adsali planting is common in the Maharashtra regions.
893:
C
Solution: USWB class A is a pan evaporimeter and is most widely used for finding evaporation from the free water surface. The depth of Cass A pan is about 25.4 cm. Pan evaporation is a measurement that combines or integrates the effect of several climate elements, temperature, humidity, rainfall, drought dispersion, solar radiation and wind.
894:
B
Solution: Maize plant stores its nutrient in the form of storage protein in the seeds that are named Ziens, these Zeins are a group of alcohol soluble polypeptides which are synthesized in the developing endosperm in the seed. In general protein content in maize is low i.e. about 9.1%, oil is 4.4% and a high percentage of starch i.e. about 73.4%.
895:
B
Solution: Sesamum is the legume crop that belongs to the family Pedaliaceae. The plants are annual or perennial herbs with edible seeds. Sesame is the best-known member of the genus sesamum. The seed rate is optimum production of seeds per unit area and it is 3 - 4 kg for sesamum.
896:
A
Solution: The gallon is the unit of volume in Imperial units and united states customary units. 1 gallon of water = 4546.09 mL = 4.55 L
897:
B
Solution: Rhizobium inoculants are one of the widely used Bacterial biofertilizers for legume crops to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Each 200 g packet of Rhizobium culture is mixed with 200 ml of rice gruel or jaggery solution and used to treat 10 kg seeds. The seeds are mixed in the slurry to have a uniform coating of the inoculants over the seeds and then dried in shade for 30 minutes.
898:
D
Solution: Bajra is an excellent source of fiber which is very healthy and nutritious for human consumption. 100 gms of Bajra contains 360 calories of energy, 12 g of moisture, 12 g of protein, 5 g of fats, 2 g of minerals, 1 g of fiber, 67 g of carbohydrates, 42 mg of Calcium, 242 mg of phosphorus and 8 mg of iron. Thus fat content in bajra is 5%.
899:
D
Solution: Mineralization of soil phosphorus from organic matter of crop residues is dependent on soil biological activity as it is done in the presence of soil microorganisms like bacteria, fungus and earthworms. Mineralization is the process of oxidation and decomposition of chemical substances present in organic matter into soluble forms.
900:
C
Solution: Catch crop is the crop grown in the space between two main crops or at a time no main crops can be grown. The main purpose of catch crops is to increase annual dry matter production, to take up soil mineral and urine nitrogen, and to reduce the risk of leaching or runoff. Toria is one of the best examples of a catch crop.
901:
C
Solution: Kalyan sona is the high yielding, triple gene dwarf variety of wheat. It is a disease resistant and fertilizer responsive crop variety. It is widely recommended to be cultivated all over India.
902:
A
Solution: Healthy seed material, free from pests and diseases is selected for plantation. The top one-third to half portion of the sugarcane stalk is preferred for sowing purposes as has immature buds of high viability. The bottom portion of the stalk is rich in sugar and takes a long time to germinate thus that can be used in sugar and jaggery production.
903:
B
Solution: Agronomy is derived from two Greek words, “agros” which means field, and "nomos” to manage. It is a branch of agriculture that deals with field crop production and soil management. Pietro de'Crescenzi is the father of agronomy.
904:
A
Solution: The ratio between gross and net cropped area is called an index of cropping intensity. It can also be termed the intensity of crop rotation. Gross cropped area is the total area sown once or more than once in a year whereas Net sown area is the area sown with crops but is counted only once.
905:
B
Solution: The optimum temperature for sugarcane ripening is 60°F. It thrives best in hot sunny tropical areas. The ideal climate for sugarcane is a long, warm growing season with long daylight along with adequate moisture in the soil.
906:
C
Solution: PWP is a Permanent wilting point the point when there is no water available to the plant. Whereas the pF value of a soil is a quantity that indicates the quality of water contained in the soil. At PWF the value of pF is 4.2 pF.
907:
B
Solution: Single Super Phosphate is SSP and is mainly water soluble plant fertilizer. The material is slightly hygroscopic and it needs moisture proof packing to avoid lump formation during storage. Its main components are monocalcium phosphate (Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 ·H 2 O) and calcium sulphate (CaSO 4 ·0,5H 2 O) in almost equal proportions.
908:
B
Solution: Retting is the process employing the action of micro-organisms and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and pectins surrounding bast-fiber bundles, thus facilitating the separation of fibre from the stem. This is the process involved in the production of linen from the flax stalks and coir from the coconut husks.
909:
D
Solution: Clipper is the variety of barley. It is the dominant variety of barley for around 20 years. It takes 135 - 140 days to mature. It is suitable for malt production and brewing. Sujata is a new high spinning cotton variety grown mostly in Tamil Nadu. It proves good quality fibres and is capable of spinning 100 counts and was comparable to several other Egyptian and Sudan varieties. Pusa Phalguni is the dwarf variety of Cowpea that takes 60 days to mature. And is suitable for sowing in February and March. UPAS-120 is the extra early maturing variety of pigeon pea, not green gram .
910:
A
Solution: TPS refers to True potato seed and is a botanical seed developed in the berry of the plant as a result of fertilization and sexual reproduction. TPS is a very effective and cheap source of planting material. The cost of seed tubers and the spread of virus disease can be greatly minimized by using TPS. 100 grams of true potato seed is required for one hectare planting.
911:
D
Solution: Groundnut belongs to the family of legumes and is grown for its edible seeds. Its seeds are covered with shells. The percentage of the kernel in groundnut with the shell is about 70%. Kernels have an oil recovery of about 40% - 42%.
912:
A
Solution: The speed of the wind is measured by an instrument known as Anemometer . It also measures the direction of the wind. It is a common weather station instrument. It is of various types and designs, the basic working of this instrument is that the wheels or cups rotate proportionally to the speed of the wind, which means the stronger the wind blows, the faster the wheels rotate. And it counts the number of rotations to calculate the speed of the wind.
913:
C
Solution: Crop rotation intensity is growing the combination of crops that will match soil water storage with crop water use under the local climatic conditions in a year. This can be calculated by counting the number of crops grown in a rotation and is multiplied by 100 and then divided by the duration of the rotation. Here 3 crops will be counted i.e maize, moong, wheat + gram together. Therefore the rotation intensity will be 300%.
914:
C
Solution: The envelope of air around us is known as the atmosphere. Air is a mixture of many gases and tiny dust particles. It is a mixture of about 78% of nitrogen, 21% of oxygen, 0.9% of argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide and very small amounts of other gases and water vapour. The content of nitrogen is highest in atmospheric air.
915:
C
Solution: Rice tungro is a disease caused by the combination of two Rice tungro viruses, bacilliform virus (RTBV) and Spherical virus (RTSV). It is transmitted by Green leaf hopper or sometimes by aphids in a semipersistent manner. It causes leaf discolouration, stunted growth, reduced tiller numbers and sterile grains.
916:
B
Solution: The term inter-species means two plants of two different species. Whereas the term intra-species means two plants of the same species.
917:
A
Solution: IMO stands for International Meteorological Organization and was established in September 1873. Now, it is known by its new name i.e. World Meteorological Organization since 23 rd March, 1950 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. IMO was formed to exchange weather information among the countries of the world.
918:
C
Solution: Delinting is the process of removing fuzz from the seed coat of cotton. It is a crop-specific seed management technique. Delinting of cotton is done for quicker seed germination, and this is done by the application of hydrochloric acid gas or sulphuric acid, which completely removes all linters.
919:
C
Solution: Crop rotation is the process of growing different crops one by one in one agricultural year. This technique helps in the maintenance of soil fertility as it aids in adding nutrients to the soil. Pulses are leguminous crops that add nitrogen to the soil, which can then be used by the next crop grown on that field.
920:
D
Solution: Berseem is an important winter crop in Egypt. It was introduced into India from Egypt in the 19 th century and into Pakistan, South Africa, the USA and Australia in the 20 th century. It is an annual clover cultivated mostly in irrigated sub-tropical regions. Berseem is used as forage and green manure, as it is capable of providing 280 lbs/acre of nitrogen to the crops.
921:
B
Solution: The field water use efficiency (WUE) is the ratio between the dry matter production of a plant (the output) divided by evapotranspiration. Thus the equation for WUE is: $${ ext{WUE}} = frac{{ ext{Y}}}{{{ ext{ET}}}}$$ Y = Dry matter production (kg/ha) ET = Evapotranspiration (in mm)
922:
A
Solution: 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid has been one of the oldest and most widely available herbicides and defoliants in the world since 1945. It is an organic compound with the chemical formula C 8 H 6 Cl 2 O 3 , which is commonly known as 2, 4-D . It is a systemic herbicide that kills most broadleaf weeds by causing uncontrolled growth in crop plantations.
923:
B
924:
D
Solution: A seed rate is the quantity of seed of a crop that is required to sow a unit area of land for optimum crop production. It is important to determine the seed rate to determine the yield of hybrid seeds and to compare the best quality seeds. Here, of the given options, the mustard is wrongly matched. The seed rate of mustard is about 4 to 6 lb/acre.
925:
A
Solution: The inflorescence is the arrangement of flowers in a plant. The inflorescence of sugarcane is known as the Arrow . The inflorescence, or tassel, of sugarcane, is an open-branched panicle. Each tassel consists of several thousand tiny flowers, each capable of producing one seed.
926:
D
Solution: The agricultural land of India is divided into 15 major agro-climatic zones, which on dividing it into sub-divisions, there are 64 zones in India. These are divided based on different agricultural parameters like climate, type of soil, optimum rainfall and temperature, etc. The main objectives of the division of these zones are to optimize agricultural production and to increase agriculture based income.
927:
A
Solution: Soil fertility is the inherent capacity of the soil to supply nutrients in a balanced amount to the crops. As per the agronomist, there are 17 essential nutrients required by the plants for optimum growth and development. And if any nutrient is missing or lacking, it can be provided by the application of fertilizers to the soil to achieve optimum productivity.
928:
D
Solution: A normal Solution is a solution in which one litre of a solution has one gram molecular weight of a substance dissolved in it. A molar solution is an aqueous solution in which 1 mole of a solute is dissolved in 1 litre of a solution. A molal solution that contains 1 mole of a solute in one KG of the solvent.
929:
C
Solution: A Stevenson screen is an instrument shelter or an enclosure for meteorological instruments against precipitation and direct heat radiation from the outside environment. It is an important instrument of Agrometereology. Its main use is to provide a standardized environment in which to measure temperature, humidity, dew point and atmospheric pressure.
930:
C
Solution: The soil erodibility factor also known as the K factor is a quantitative measure of the susceptibility of soil particles to detachment and transport by rainfall and runoff. This factor is found to be highly influenced by the particle size distribution and clay mineralogy of the soil. Soil erodibility factor is highest in soils having a high content of silt as they easily get withered and produce high rates of runoff.
931:
C
Solution: ISA is International Solar Alliance is an alliance of 105 signatory countries that mostly lie either completely or partly between the tropic of cancer and the Tropic Of Capricorn. It was established on 30 th November 2015, founded in Paris, France, and headquartered in Gurugram, Haryana. Its main aim is to bring together a group of nations to endorse clean energy, sustainable4 environment, public transport and climate.
932:
B
Solution: CAG or Central Agricultural University is located in Imphal, Manipur, and was established on 26 th January 1993. It imparts teaching in the field of Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Fisheries, Agricultural Engineering, Veterinary Sciences and Food Technology in northeastern states.
933:
C
934:
D
Solution: Boron and Zinc are the micronutrient element that is essential for the maintenance of Apical Dominance. Boron is the component of plant cell walls and reproductive structures and Zinc is an important component of various enzymes that are responsible for driving metabolic reactions in all plants.
935:
D
Solution: “Kisan Bharti” is the first magazine for farmers and extension personnel launched in 1968 and published by Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT). It is a national monthly magazine to provides remedies and solutions for every problem faced by farmers in agriculture.
936:
B
Solution: China is the highest wheat-producing country in the world, with the highest area under cultivation of wheat. It produces around 13,42,54,710 tons of wheat as per the latest fiscal year. India is the second most in wheat production followed by Russia and United States.
937:
A
Solution: Indian Institute for Pulse Research (IIPR) is situated in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. It is a government institution established in 1983 by ICAR to carry out basic strategic and applied research on major pulse crops. It aims to develop appropriate production and protection technologies and pulse research.
938:
C
Solution: Our Earth's atmosphere has several layers and each has its specific features. From top to bottom, these layers are Exosphere, Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere and Troposphere. That is Troposphere is the lowest layer of our atmosphere, it extends upward to about 10 km above sea level.
939:
C
Solution: National Agricultural policy aims to actualize the vast untapped growth potential of Indian Agriculture, strengthen rural infrastructure to support faster agricultural development, promote value addition, accelerate the growth of agro-business creates employment in rural areas ultimately to secure a good standard of living for farmers. The first ever National agricultural policy was announced on 28 th July 2000. It aims at a growth rate of 4% per annum.
940:
A
Solution: Tensiometer is a device to measure the water tension of soil. It consists of a cylindrical pipe about one inch in diameter with a porous ceramic cup attached to one end and a vaccum gauge attached to the other. It works in the range from 0 to 0.8 bar. Tensiometers are very convenient to schedule irrigation.
941:
D
Solution: Wheat is the main cereal crop of India. The total area under the crop is about 29.8 million hectares in the country and is the second most in production of wheat in the world. Punjab has emerged as the biggest producer of wheat followed by Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra as per the survey in 2020. Punjab alone produces 125.84 lakh metric tonnes of wheat.
942:
A
Solution: An atmometer is an instrument used to measure the rate of evaporation from a wet surface to the atmosphere. It is also called an Evaporimeter. While evaporation is the process of formation of water (liquid) into water vapour (gas).
943:
C
Solution: Nitrogen is the most essential requirement for almost all plant types but some require less amount while others require more amount. Here out of Barley, Wheat, Sugarcane and Mustard, sugarcane requires the maximum amount of nitrogen from the outer source in the form of fertilizers.
944:
A
Solution: A plant genome assembly represents the complete genomic sequence of a plant species, which is assembled into chromosomes and another organelle by using DNA fragments. The genome of various plants has been sequenced. The first most sequenced plant is Arabidopsis followed by various rice species. Here wheat is the lastly sequenced genome out of other options.
945:
B
Solution: The root system of sugarcane consists of two types of roots that are selt roots and shoot roots. Both are of fibrous type. When sugarcane is planted in the soil every cane joint is activated and produces roots, these roots are selt roots and these are mostly temporary. The roots which are formed near the soil surface from the shoot are called shoot roots . These are permanent roots, are fleshy and white in colour.
946:
B
Solution: Alley cropping is a specific technique of growing field crops in between two widely spaced rows or alleys of fast-growing trees. For better yield in this practice, it is required to prune the trees regularly to limit the shading of the agricultural crop. It helps in nutrient cycling and at the same time control, soil erosion as big trees have a good hold on the soil.
947:
D
Solution: Topping is one of the practices to remove the terminal bud of the plant with or without the small leaves just before or after the emergence of the flower head to make it bushier. Topping is used to stopping plants to produce seeds. Topping is done in the tobacco plant to improve its physical appearance, quality and quantity of tobacco yield.
948:
B
Solution: Vegetable oils are used for cooking or as food additives, for medical purposes, for cosmetics, or as fuel. Out of these vegetable oils, groundnut oil has the highest B.V. Due to its high smoke point or boiling point value, peanut oil is the clear oil and it is predominantly used for frying.
949:
C
Solution: Soybean is a legume crop, that forms symbiotic association with rhizobium bacteria in the root area to form nodules for fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Soybean is mostly inoculated with Rhizobium japonicum .
950:
C
Solution: If lime is added to acidic soil, it increases soil pH by up to 5.5 - 6.5. It also adds calcium and magnesium and reduces the solubility of aluminum and manganese in the soil. When soil pH reaches its optimum value, its fertility increases. Hence, it has a positive impact on soil fertility and nitrification.
951:
B
Solution: Urea is the most commonly used fertilizer as a source of nitrogen, but excess use of urea harms plants and also humans after consuming those products. Hence, the British Fertilizer Regulation in 1973 declared that urea used in agriculture should not have more than 1.5% biuret in it. Biuret is the toxic component of urea.
952:
N/A
Solution: The current Director General of ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) is Dr. Mangi Lal Jat. He also serves as the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture Research and Education (DARE)
953:
B
Solution: Super rice is a variety that can produce high and stable yields with low resources like water, nutrients and pesticides under adverse conditions. Dr. G. S. Khush 1994 announced super rice. It has the potential to increase the yields by 25%.
954:
A
Solution: The British viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, appointed Sir Volvin Scott Moncrieff as the chairman of the Irrigation Commission to draw up a comprehensive plan in 1901. This idea was brought up by Lord Curzon because of family conditions prevailing at that time.
955:
B
Solution: Xylem is the conducting tissue of plants that carries water to all parts of the plants from the root area. Salts from roots are also carried in dissolved form through xylem ducts and reach the top parts of the plant with the help of the transpiration pull created by the plant. Transpiration pull is created because of the loss of water by the process of transpiration.
956:
C
Solution: "Warm season crop" means a Kharif crop that can withstand the optimum temperature of that area, but they grow well and produce a high yield when the temperature ranges between 30 and 38 degrees Celsius. This season's vegetables and crops require both warm soil and high temperatures. include cucumbers, melons, peppers, tomatoes, squash, etc.
957:
D
Solution: Phalaris minor is a tufted annual bunchgrass up to 1.8 meters in height. It has a spike-like panicle. It is used as fodder or forage for livestock and birdseed. It is a potential contaminant of seed crops. It is a common weed in the wheat crop. It can be controlled by controlled grazing, regular mowing and regular use of weedicide.
958:
A
Solution: 1. Dhurin Synthesis: Dhurin is a cyanogenic glycoside synthesized by sorghum plants under drought conditions. 2. Location of Synthesis: During drought stress, sorghum plants primarily synthesize Dhurin in their roots . 3. Purpose: Dhurin serves as a defense mechanism for the plant against herbivores and pests. Therefore, the correct answer is Option A: Roots .
959:
B
Solution: The scientific name of Napier grass is Cenchrus purpureus. It is also known as elephant grass or Uganda grass is a species of perennial tropical grass native to the African grasslands. It has low water and nutrient requirements also it improves soil fertility and protects against soil erosion. Napier grass is propagated by planting slips or splits. About 800 - 1000 kg which is around 27,800 root slips or stem cuttings is required for planting one hectare of land with Napier grass.
960:
C
Solution: Seed tuber rate refers to the amount of potato seed (in the form of tubers) required to plant one hectare of land. 1 quintal equals 100 kilograms , so this rate defines the total weight of seed tubers needed for proper planting. The recommended seed rate for potatoes varies depending on variety, tuber size, spacing, and intended yield . 20–25 quintals per hectare is the most commonly recommended and agronomically efficient rate for standard varieties and average tuber size. This rate ensures optimum plant population without seed wastage, promoting healthy growth and good yields. Rates lower than this (like 5–15 quintals) may lead to poor stand and low yield, while higher rates (like 25–30 quintals) may be excessive and uneconomical unless used for very small tubers or specific conditions. Therefore, the correct and widely recommended seed tuber rate is Option C: 20 – 25 quintals/hectare.
961:
A
Solution: White jute is scientifically known as Corchorus capsularis. It is shrub species in the Malvaceae family. It is the main source of jute as its fibres are finer than normal jute. Jute is a rainy season crop, it is sown in. March - April depending upon the rainfall and type of land, is harvested from June - September.
962:
A
Solution: Lantana camara is a species of flowering plant within the verbena family, Verbenaceae. It is a very adaptable species, which can inhabit a wide variety of ecosystems. It is a perennial. Erect sprawling or scandent, shrub which grows around 2 m tall and forms dense thickets in a variety of environments.
963:
D
Solution: Foodgrains refer to any variety of grain or material that is grown for human consumption. It includes all cereals (Rice, wheat), pulses and coarse cereals. Here coarse cereals refer to cereal grains other than wheat and rice or those used primarily for animal feed or brewing like sorghum, pearl millet, Ragi, Maize, Barley, etc. The total production of foodgrains in India as per estimates for 2021 - 22 is around 316.06 million tonnes.
964:
A
Solution: Urea is the most common fertilizer used to fulfill nitrogen requirements in sugarcane plants. Sugarcane is a heavy nitrogen user for the production of optimum yield and better quality. For sugarcane, nitrogen fertilizer application has to be completed within 60 days after planting for better sugar content in the juice.
965:
A
Solution: Tillering is a physiological process by which new aerial shoots emerge. And this phenomenon is regulated in some crops like maize, hence maize is referred to as non-tillering in nature. In maize crops, the underground branching of compact node joints of the primary shoot is regulated.
966:
B
Solution: TPS stands for True Potato Seed , which refers to botanical seeds of potato rather than vegetative tubers. HPS 1/113 is a well-known variety developed specifically for cultivation using True Potato Seeds. This variety was released for commercial production due to its high yield potential, disease resistance , and adaptability for TPS-based cultivation. Other options like JH 222, PJ 376, and Jr 5857 are not recognized TPS varieties and are generally used in tuber propagation. Therefore, the correct answer is Option B: HPS 1/113.
967:
C
Solution: Wheat is the staple food crop worldwide. Wheat is grown on more land area than any other food crop. World trade in wheat is greater than for all other crops combined. 1n 2020, world production of wheat was 761 million tonnes. The normal seed rate of medium-sized grain varieties of wheat is 100 kilogram/hectare.
968:
B
Solution: Soybean is an annual legume of the Pea family. And it is widely used for its highly nutritious seed both for eating as well as for oil purposes. Flowering in soybean is triggered by day length. The different varieties react differently to changing day lengths. Over soybean is Short day plant.
969:
A
Solution: ASI is Anthesis-Silking Interval. It is an indicator of stress, how plants respond to stress during flowering in the Anthesis-Silk interval. It is measured in no. of says between pollen shed and silk emergence. In new Maize SCH varieties, ASI is for 1 - 2 days.
970:
A
Solution: Potash is one of the essential nutrients required by plants for their proper growth and development. Application of potash increases disease resistance, drought tolerance, plumpness of grain and seed, and improves stem rigidity and cold hardiness. It is important for plants as it enhances the firmness, texture, flavor, size, colour of fruit crops. And increase the oil content of oil crops.
971:
B
Solution: Ranching is the practice of raising grazing livestock like cattle and sheep in an area of land. The person who owns and manages the operation of a ranch is usually called a rancher. It is common in temperate, dry areas, such as Australia.
972:
C
Solution: Cowpea is the pulse crop that is used as a pulse, fodder, and green manure crop.
It is an annual herbaceous legume and an important crop in the semi-arid regions as it can tolerate sandy soil and low rainfall. It requires very few resources, as the plant's root nodules can fix atmospheric nitrogen.
973:
C
Solution: An aridity index is a numerical indicator of the degree of dryness of the climate at a given location. These indicators serve to identify, locate or delimit regions that suffer from a deficit of available water, a condition that can severely affect the effective use of the land. Drought is called severe when the value of the Aridity Index is 1 to 2.
974:
B
Solution: A wind breaker is a planting usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in a manner to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from erosion. These are commonly planted in hedge rows around the edges of fields on farms. Red gram or pigeon pea is a crop that can be used as a wind breaker to avoid wind erosion.
975:
A
Solution: ICAR stands for the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and is an autonomous body responsible for coordinating agricultural education and research in India. It was established on 16 th July 1929, hence 16 th July is celebrated as ICAR day every year. It is the largest network of agricultural research and education institutes in the world.
976:
A
Solution: Black gram or Urad is native to India and originated from a wild plant, Phaseolus sublobatus, it has been in cultivation since ancient times and is one of the most highly prized pulses of India. It is grown in both Kharif and rabi seasons.
977:
B
Solution: Pure air i.e. atmosphere is composed of nitrogen - 78%, oxygen - 21%, carbondioxide - 0.033% and traces of some other gases like argon, helium, ozone, neon, etc.
978:
D
Solution: A seed workboard is required for the blending of seeds. This board of seed analyses the seed samples physically with maximum efficiency. One more board is the seed purity board also functions to check the purity of seeds in the laboratory.
979:
A
Solution: Sugarbeet ( Beta vulgaris ) is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Amaranthaceae or Chenopodiaceae . It is an herbaceous plant with edible roots. Sugar beet juice contains high levels of sucrose and is second only to sugarcane as a major source of the world's sugar.
980:
C
Solution: Most enzyme needs some elements as co-factor or activator to get themselves activated, likewise, urease enzyme also needs Nickel as a cofactor to start functioning. Urease is the enzyme that digests urea and hydrolyses it into simpler compounds.
981:
B
Solution: Stripe rust of wheat is one of the types of rust disease in wheat crops. It is also called wheat yellow rust. It can cause significant loss to crop yield and its quality. In this disease elongated lesions are present on the infected area which bears yellow-orange spores, that is why it is called yellow rust.
982:
A
Solution: The concentration of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere is currently at nearly 400 - 500 parts per million (ppm). And because of the extreme rise in temperature because of global warming and pollution, the concentration of CO 2 keeps on rising.
983:
D
Solution: The concentration of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere is currently 421 parts per million (ppm) in the May 2022. And because of the extreme rise in temperature because of global warming and pollution, the concentration of CO 2 keeps on rising.
984:
B
Solution: The relationship between two organisms where one organism is benefitted while the other one is neutral neither benefitted nor harmed, that type of relationship is known as commensalism . While the mutual relationship where both the organism is benefitted is termed symbiosis .
985:
D
Solution: The triple response is the condition in plants that is triggered by the use of ethylene. It causes plants to have short roots, fat shoots, and increased lateral root growth, morphologically changes can be defined as inhibited root elongation, enhanced radial swelling and shortening of the hypocotyl.
986:
D
Solution: Methane is the major constituent of biogas generated from cow dung. It contains approximately 75% of methane gas and 25% of carbon dioxide, some other gases like hydrogen, hydrogen sulphide, water vapour, nitrogen, oxygen and ammonia.
987:
C
Solution: The area that corresponds to the total sown area is termed the area under cultivation. And the total cultivated area in India was approximately 155.2 million hectares as per the survey held in the fiscal year 2015, which is now increased to 180 mha.
988:
A
Solution: The condition of extensive interveinal chlorosis of older leaves which later infects the younger leaves is due to a deficiency of magnesium. Sometimes it causes reddish brown tints and early leaf fall. Magnesium deficiency is common in tomatoes, apples, grapevines, raspberries, roses and rhododendrons.
989:
B
Solution: Ginning is the process of transforming cotton from field to fabric while ginning percentage is calculated mathematically through a formula: $${ ext{GP}}\% = frac{{{ ext{Weight of link}}}}{{{ ext{Weight of seed cotton}}}} imes 100$$ Out turn of lint to seed is expressed as a percentage by weight and it normally varies between 24% - 38%.
990:
C
Solution: Different variety of the same category is nitrogen-fixing bacteria also called Rhizobium is responsible for fixing atmospheric nitrogen in different leguminous plants. The bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation in soybean is R. japonicum . It forms a symbiotic relationship with host plants.
991:
B
Solution: The inherent capacity of soil to supply plant nutrients in adequate amounts and suitable proportions is called Soil fertility. It can also be defined as the capability of the soil to provide all the essential nutrients in all available forms to the plant.
992:
D
Solution: Groundnut has a unique ability to embed fertilized ovary of the flower into the ground through a specialized organ known as peg or gynopore . This peg is a tube-like structure formed after successful fertilization in flowers which is further developed into fruits.
993:
B
Solution: UPAS 120 is an early maturing variety of pigeonpea that takes approximately 120 days to mature. It is a mutant variety that is in use since 1976. The plants developed are medium tall, open and of semi-spreading type.
994:
C
Solution: Water requirement (WR) = ET or CU + application losses + special needs. In hot climate evaporation loss is also being added. So, it is an overall combination of consumptive use, water required for special operations and other economically unavoidable losses of water.
995:
C
Solution: There are three biodiversity hotspots present in India and total of 35 in the world. These are the Western Ghats, the Himalayas and the Indo-Burma region . Each one of them comprises at least 1500 species of vascular plants and it should have lost greater than or equal to 70% of its original habitat.
996:
B
Solution: Intercropping is the most sustainable practice and is considered to be an environmentally sound and economically advantageous cropping system. Maize is mostly intercropped with legumes as it provides shade to legume species as they are smaller in size in comparison to maize plants. Thus intercropping of maize and soybean are complementary relations, as both complement each other.
997:
B
Solution: Humus is dark organic matter present in fertile nutrient rich soil. It is an example of organic colloids, which means it is a mixture of tiny organic matter that cannot decay further or that are resistant to decay. Humus significantly affects the bulk density of soil and contributes to its retention of moisture and nutrients.
998:
A
Solution: The top cross means the first generation of the cross, a single cross (A × B) with an open pollinated variety. Whereas a single cross is crossing between two inbreds or varieties. Hence, A and B are inbred lines or simple hybrids.
999:
B
Solution: A chelating agent is a chemical compound that reacts with metal ions to form stable, water soluble metal complexes. EDTA – Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid is a chelating agent. EDDHA – Ethylenediamine-N, N'-bis (2-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid) is also a chelating agent. HEDTA – Hydroxyethylenediaminetriacetic acid. It can also chelate to form salts. Thus, CDMA is a nonchelating agent.
1000:
C
Solution: Dr. Norman Borlaug, genetics, plant pathologist and Nobel prize winner, developed the dwarf variety of wheat in mid 1940 - 50 to increase wheat yields and make the country self-sufficient in food production.
1001:
B
Solution: Black soil is also known as Black cotton soil. It contains a high amount of clay with low Organic matter. It also contains calcium, carbonate and potash, and holds moisture. It is also rich in lime, iron and magnesium with traces of phosphorus and nitrogen. It is more fertile in low lands than on the uplands.
1002:
C
Solution: Senescence in plants means the process of aging. Plants have two types of senescence one that is stress induced other is age related developmental aging. The phytohormone that reduces the effect of the senescence process is Gibberellin.
1003:
A
Solution: Wheat is a rabi crop, and the optimum temperature required for proper grain filling of the wheat crop is 23°C - 25°C. Wheat crop is very sensitive to high temperature during reproductive stages compared to vegetative stages.
1004:
D
Solution: The highest production of mustard in India is in the state of Rajasthan, which is why it is also called as ‘mustard state’ of India. It is expected to increase to 49.50 lakh tonnes in 2021 - 22 from 35 lakh tonnes in the previous year. Rajasthan produces 47.26%, Haryana 11.73%, Madhya Pradesh 11%, Uttar Pradesh 10% followed by West Bengal 7% of mustard respectively.
1005:
D
Solution: National Research Centre for Medicinal & aromatic plants was established on 24 th November 1992 at Boriavi In Anand District of Gujarat. It works under ICAR. India is rich in flora and fauna with more than 5000 species of known medicinal and aromatic plants. It deals in plant genetic resource management, crop variety improvement, and the production of aromatic and medicinal plants.
1006:
B
Solution: Rice is the essential cereal crop that occupies the highest agricultural area under cultivation in our country. India had approximately 45 million hectares of land area. India is the world's second largest producer of rice, and the largest exporter of rice in the world, and rice is the first highly produced cereal in our country. Production has increased to 120 million tons in the financial year 2020 - 21.
1007:
B
Solution: Osmotic potential is the potential of water molecules to move from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution across a semi-permeable membrane. In stress condition, the Osmotic Potential in Plants Decrease.
1008:
B
Solution: Apatite is a phosphate-containing mineral, usually hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, and chlorapatite. It is the association of the calcium ions that is responsible for the characteristic hexagonal crystal structure and morphology. The primary use of apatite is a source of phosphate in the manufacture of fertilizer and other industrial uses. It is occasionally used as a gemstone.
1009:
C
Solution: True density is the quotient of mass over the volume of a sample, without considering pores in the material.
The true density of normal mineral soil is 2.65 grams per cubic centimeter. However, it can be as high as 3 g/cm 3 for very dense particles and as low as 0.9 g/cm 3 for organic particles.
1010:
B
Solution: The revolution brought in developing countries for farm land to enhance the production of food grains by incorporating high yield varieties of seeds and developed technology. The main crops were wheat and rice to be developed as these are the staple crop worldwide.
1011:
B
Solution: Out of the given options only the third one Rice and Jowar are the major crops of Odisha is incorrect whereas all others are correct. The major crops of Odisha are Rice, Pulses, Jute, Coconut, and Turmeric, not Jowar. Odisha contributes one-tenth of the total rice produced in the country.
1012:
C
Solution: Shifting cultivation is the practice of ‘slash and burn’ also known as ‘Jhum kheti'. It is practiced in the northeastern region of India, including Assam, Manipur, Mizoram and the Naga hills of Nagaland. Subsistence farming is the form in which nearly all the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and his family. It is practiced in the Ganga delta region. Commercial farming uses higher doses of modern inputs to achieve higher productivity. It is mostly practiced in American Prairies. Plantation agriculture is a type of commercial farming in which a single crop is grown for the entire year. It is practiced for the plantation of tea, coffee, etc in the gardens of Assam.
1013:
B
Solution: A zero energy cool chamber is a type of evaporative cooler, and an inexpensive way to keep vegetables fresh without the use of electricity. This was originally developed in India by Susanta K. Roy and D. S. Khuridiya in the early 1980s to address fruit and vegetable post-harvest losses, especially in rural areas.
1014:
A
Solution: Chenopodium album is one of the weeds which is not a Kharif season weed. It is a fast growing weedy annual plant belonging to the genus chenopodium. It tends to grow upright at first, reaching heights of 10 - 150 cm, but typically becomes recumbent after flowering unless supported after flowering.
1015:
B
Solution: Brown rice is the whole and dehulled rice grain. Dehulling is the process of separation of the hull from the rice grain. Intensive peeling and scouring of the grain to increase its value of the grain. In this process, the outer pericarp and testa are removed.
1016:
D
Solution: Irrigation is the main source of water in the semi-arid areas, hence it is not irrigated at scheduled stages it may lead to great loss.
The critical stages for irrigation of sugarcane are the formative or vegetative stages.
The formative stage is 60 - 130 days after planting and a heavy quantity of water is required at this stage in the northern part of India.
1017:
C
Solution: The National Research Centre on Rapeseed and Mustard (NRCRM) is located at Sewar Bharatpur, Rajasthan. It was established on 20 th October 1993, under ICAR to carry out basic, strategic, and applied research on rapeseed and mustard. It also engages in developing ecologically sound and economically viable agro-production and protection technologies.
1018:
D
Solution: Cereal cyst nematodes (CCNs) are the most commonly available nematode pests that limit the yield of small grain pests like wheat and barley. Nematode-resistant varieties are in high demand. Raj Kiran (RD-387) is one of the nematode resistant varieties of barley.
1019:
B
Solution: Wheat is known as the king of cereals for many reasons, like: • It is the main part of the diet of humans. • It is the main ingredient for making bread. • It can be grown in almost all types of soil, under any climatic conditions and can withstand any parameters for cultivation. • It is cultivated in its highest area of coverage.
1020:
C
Solution: The space between the soil particles in the pore space. The formulas for calculating the pore space percentage $${ ext{PS}} = left( {1 - frac{{{ ext{BD}}}}{{{ ext{PD}}}}}
ight) imes 100$$ where PS is Pore Space, BD is Bulk Density and PD is Particle Density. Putting all the values in the above formula $${ ext{PS}} = left( {1 - frac{{1.16}}{{2.62}}}
ight) imes 100 = 0.557 imes 100 = 55.7\% $$
1021:
B
Solution: Albedo is the measure of reflectivity, the amount of sunlight reflected by any surface. All the black surfaces have the lowest albedo as they reflect the least amount of radiation and absorb most of the radiation. Because moist black soil absorbs the most light of all the black soils, it has the lowest albedo. The highest albedo is found in snow-covered areas and deserts.
1022:
B
Solution: Maize has become a staple food, cultivated in almost all parts of the world. The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences, also called "tassels", and separate ovuliferous inflorescences, called "ears", which when fertilized, produce kernels or seeds. In maize plants made of silk and tassels, the tassels appear first.
1023:
B
Solution: Phosphorus is most abundant in the soil at pH 6 to 7, but at pH 4, i.e. in acidic soils, the dominant ionic form of phosphorus present is orthophosphates, i.e., $${{ ext{H}}_2}{ ext{PO}}_4^ - .$$ xa0 Availability of phosphorus decreased with an increase in pH. But to maintain the availability of phosphorus at a high pH, the percentage of organic matter in the soil is important.
1024:
A
Solution: Fertilizer application in maize plantations should be completed before the tasseling stage, as tasseling is the stage of formation of flowering and reproduction stages, so the nutrient requirement should be full field before the tasseling stage for maximum yield. It takes place when the plant reaches its full height and begins to shed its pollen for fertilization.
1025:
B
Solution: India is an agricultural country. 70% of the population relies on agriculture for their livelihood. As per the survey done at the end of the fiscal year 2021, in India, the total area covered under the cultivation of food grain crops is between 100 - 150 million hectares. While other crops like cotton, jute and other commercial products are outside of this. The total production of food grains in India is about 316 million tons, as recorded during 2020 - 21.
1026:
C
Solution: The project directorate for cropping systems research is located at Modipuram, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. This came into effect on 23 rd February 2010. Its main prospective is sustainable management of farm resources for achieving household food, nutritional, and livelihood security.
1027:
B
Solution: The potato is a starchy tuber belonging to the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild species of potato originated from the Southern United States. It was originally believed to be native and domesticated by Americans. At present potatoes are a staple food worldwide and an integral part of much of the world’s food supply.
1028:
C
Solution: Proline is the amino acid that accumulated in crop plants under stress conditions. It protects the plants from various stresses and also helps plants to recover from stress more rapidly. It can be applied to the stressed plants externally also to make the plant healthy and stress-free.
1029:
A
Solution: Jhum cultivation is especially practiced in Assam. Shifting cultivation is a practice in which farmland is cleared by slashing vegetation and burning forests for agricultural purposes. Podu is also a form of shifting agriculture using slash and burn methods. Traditionally practiced on hill slopes of Andhra Pradesh. Beera is the form of shifting agriculture and is known by the name Beera in Madhya Pradesh. Ponam is the name of shifting agriculture practiced in Kerela.
1030:
C
Solution: The bread wheat genome is a hexaploid genome that possesses 42 chromosomes. The 21 pairs of chromosomes are divided into seven groups of six chromosomes, based on the similarity of gene order.
1031:
B
Solution: Jowar is a species of grass cultivated for its grain, which is used for food for humans, animal feed and ethanol production. It is the world’s fifth most important cereal crop after Rice, wheat, maize and barley, with 59.34 million metric tons of annual production in 2018. The required plant population of Jowar is obtained by using a seed rate of 12 - 15 kg/ha.
1032:
C
Solution: The yellow revolution is one of the major revolutions brought in agriculture launched to increase the production of edible oil seeds in the country to meet domestic demand. Plantation of hybrid seeds like mustard, sesame, etc. to increase the production of edible oil. It was first started in the Philippines on 22 nd February 1986.
1033:
D
Solution: Remote sensing is the technique used in the geological sciences as a data acquisition method complementary to field observation. It allows the mapping of geological characteristics of regions without physical contact with the area. It helps in studying geological mapping, geological hazards and economic geology. It also helps in studying cropped areas, soil characters, underground water, etc.
1034:
B
Solution: The correct answer is Option B: CRI (Crown Root Initiation). Here's why: Understanding the Stages : Wheat plants go through several growth stages. Tillering, jointing, CRI (Crown Root Initiation), and flowering are all important. Limited Irrigation Impact : When you can only irrigate once, you need to choose the stage where water stress will cause the MOST significant yield reduction. Why CRI is Critical : * The CRI stage (around 21 days after sowing) is when the plant starts developing its permanent root system. * This root system is crucial for nutrient and water uptake throughout the rest of the plant's life. * Water stress during CRI severely limits root development, leading to stunted growth and reduced grain yield. Why Other Options Are Less Critical (with only one irrigation) : * Tillering : While important for plant density, water stress here is less damaging than at CRI, especially if later growth is supported. * Jointing : This is when the stem elongates. While water is needed, a good root system established during CRI is more fundamental. * Flowering : Important for grain formation, but if the plant suffered severely at CRI due to lack of water, the potential yield will already be significantly reduced, making a later irrigation less effective than one at the CRI stage. In short, irrigating at the CRI stage gives the wheat plant the best foundation for healthy growth and maximum yield under limited irrigation conditions.
1035:
B
Solution: Phalaris minor is a tufted annual bunchgrass up to 1.8 metres in height. It has a spike-like panicle. It is used as fodder or forage for livestock and birdseed. It is a potential contaminant of seed crops. It is a common weed in the wheat crop. It can be controlled by controlled grazing, regular mowing and the regular use of selective herbicide Isoproturon.
1036:
A
Solution: Crop logging is a system of monitoring the nutritional status of plats by periodic and regular sampling and analysis of soil and plant parts. Crop logging is used in sugarcane to soil fertility evaluation, plant analysis for assessing the requirement of nutrients for crop production, assessing crop damage and testing of suitability of Fertilizers.
1037:
C
Solution: Sulfur is one of the essential nutrients required by almost all crop plantations in adequate amounts as it plays an important role in the biochemical reaction of all life on earth. Sulphur is involved in the formation of chlorophyll, glucosides and glucosinolates activation of enzymes and sulphydrl (-SH) linkages that are the source of pungency in oils. Sulphur also increases root growth and stimulates seed formation.
1038:
C
Solution: Rice, Oryza sativa is believed to be originated from India. Historians believe that the indica variety of rice was first domesticated in the area covering the eastern Himalayas (north-eastern India), stretching through Burma (now called Myanmar) Thailand, Vietnam and southern China.
1039:
A
Solution: 1. Topping is a process by which the aerial part of a crop is removed to avoid seed formation and distribution onto the soil. It makes the plant more bushy and stout. E.g. gram. 2. Peg , an unusual stalklike structure grows from the base of the flower toward the soil formed after pollination and the withering of the flower. And this phenomenon called geocarpy is the peculiar characteristic of groundnut. 3. Ratooning is an ancient method of propagation in sugarcane in which subterranean buds on the stubble give rise to a new crop stand. 4. Staking is the phenomenon to tie tomatoes to an upward rod-like structure that encourages growth.
1040:
C
Solution: The optimum plant density or plant population for any plant results in mature plants that are sufficiently crowded to efficiently use resources such as water, nutrients and sunlight. The optimum plant population per hectare of sorghum is 1,50,000 plants approximately.
1041:
C
Solution: Fog normally occurs from either added moisture in the air or falling ambient air temperature. It normally occurs at a relative humidity near 100% but a minimum of at least 75% relative humidity is required for an atmospheric phenomenon like fog and dew.
1042:
A
Solution: Delinting is the process of removal of fuzz from the seed coat in cotton. It is a crop-specific seed management technique. The conventional chemical delinting process utilizes Hydrochloric acid gas or Sulphuric acid to remove the residual lint attached to the hulls of the cotton seeds.
1043:
A
Solution: The Beany flavor in soybean is due to the presence of the Lipoxydase enzyme . This enzyme is involved in the oxidation of lipids or fats, which results in beany flavor. Soybean is an annual legume of the pea family, the most important bean economically grown in the world. It provides vegetable protein for millions of people.
1044:
C
Solution: Olericulture is the study that deals with the production, storage, processing and marketing of vegetables. It includes maintenance and care of vegetable crops as well commercial and non-traditional vegetable crop production. It incorporates crop establishment, including cultivar selection seedbed preparation and establishment of vegetable crops by seed and transplants.
1045:
D
Solution: ICAR stands for The Indian Council of Agricultural Research and is an autonomous organization under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education, Government of India aims to coordinate agricultural education and research in India. It was established on 16 th July 1929, headquartered in New Delhi. The first Director General of ICAR was Dr. B. P. Pal .
1046:
A
Solution: Maize is one of the starchy food, it contains approximately 70% of starch in its kernel. Starch is the major chemical component of maize kernel. Protein content ranges from 10% - 13%, while oil contents ranged from 4% - 6%.
1047:
A
Solution: Seed treatment is the treatment of seeds by applying fungicide, insecticide, or a combination of both, to seeds to disinfect them from seed-borne pathogens and storage insects. Seed treatment is done mainly to control the disease.
1048:
D
Solution: Hectare-furrow slice (HFS) is the assumed mass of a hectare to a depth of 15 cm, 2,200 Mg (metric tons, 1,000 kg. Acre-furrow (AFS) is the assumed mass of an acre to a depth of, 1,000 tons (2,000 lbs) The approximate weight of surface 15 cm soil of a one-hectare field is approximately 2 million i.e. 2.24 × 10 6 kg.
1049:
D
Solution: Oryza galberrima is the variety of rice mainly grown in Africa which is why it is also known as African Rice. It was first domesticated and grown in West Africa around 3,000 years ago. It has been replaced by higher-yielding Asian rice. In comparison to Asian Rice, African rice is hardy, pest resistant, low- labour, and suited to a larger variety of African conditions.
1050:
C
Solution: A hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) is the type of cold cathode lamp used in Physics and chemistry as a spectral line source. It is generally used for AAS i.e. Atomic Absorption Spectrometers. An HCL consists of a glass tube containing a cathode, an anode and a buffer gas usually a noble gas.
1051:
B
Solution: A sequence cropping is a rotation system approach in crop production that enables the available natural resources to be preserved and more efficiently utilized. In the dry land of Rajasthan, the best combination of sequence cropping is Gram + Mustard.
1052:
A
Solution: Indica rice is one of the major ecogeographical races of Oryza Sativa. The Asian rice is subdivided into two main subspecies that is Indica and Japonica with over 40,000 varieties. Indica is the major type of rice grown in the tropics and subtropics. They grow mostly in the Philippines, India , Pakistan, Java, Srilanka, Indonesia and Central and southern China.
1053:
B
Solution: A dispersant or dispersing Agent is a substance, typically a surfactant, that is added to a suspension of solid or liquid particles in a liquid to improve the separation of the particles and to prevent their settling or clumping. Cohesion is the force or action or fact of forming a united whole. Dispersing agents reduce cohesion between similar particles.
1054:
D
Solution: The root density is the estimate of soil volume explored by a root system and consequently the amount of water and nutrients available to the plant. Root density is higher under irrigated soil in comparison to dry soil or soil of dryland or rainfed area. This is because the moisture and water content in the soil leads to more supply of nutrients which ultimately enhance the density of roots.
1055:
D
Solution: Simazine, Atrazine, and Alachlor are the common herbicides used for weed control in sugarcane whereas the most used one is atrazine. Simazine is a selective herbicide used for the control of broadleaf weeds and annual grasses in sugarcane. Atrazine is an herbicide of the triazine class. It is used to prevent the preemergence of broadleaf weeds in crops. Alachlor is an herbicide from the chloroacetanilide family. It is an odorless, white solid used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in crops.
1056:
B
Solution: Allelopathy is derived from the greek derived compounds allilon means one to another and pathy means natural harm or suffering. This term was first used by the Austrian professor Hans Molisch in 1937 which means the effect of plants on each other. He used the term to describe biochemical interactions through which a plant inhibits the growth of neighboring plants.
1057:
B
Solution: N-content in ammonium sulphate is about 20.60%. This is an inorganic salt most commonly used as soil fertilizer and it contains 20.60% of nitrogen and 24% Sulphur. In the soil the ammonium ion is released and forms a small amount of acid, lowering the pH balance of the soil, while contributing essential nitrogen for plant growth.
1058:
D
Solution: SSP (Single superphosphate) and MAP (Mono ammonium phosphate) are fertilizers that contain water soluble phosphorus. SSP is the first commercial mineral fertilizer, and it led to the development of the modern plant nutrient industry but because of its low P content, it is being replaced now. MAP is a widely used source of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). it contains about 10% nitrogen.
1059:
A
Solution: The concept of the critical stage of irrigation illustrates the ultimate stage if irrigation is not done to the field then it will cause a reduction in yield at the maximum level or the stage at which the water stress causes severe yield reduction. The critical stage of water is also termed a moisture-sensitive period.
1060:
B
Solution: Linseed also known as Flax seed belongs to the Flax family i.e. Linaceae . It is a flowering plant, scientific name is Linum usitatissimum. it is cultivated as a food and fiber crop in temperate regions. Linen is the most common fabric used in the textile industry and is made from Flax seeds.
1061:
C
Solution: Maize grown in the Rabi season is tolerant to cold and resistant diseases. Crops mature within 180 days. The average yield of this type of maize is 25 qtl/acre. This type of cultivation is suitable for baby corns. The states which are the largest producer of Rabi maize are Andhra Pradesh (45.5%), Bihar (20.1%), Tamilnadu (9.3%), Karnataka (8.5%), West Bengal (5.3%).
1062:
C
Solution: Acre is the unit of land measurement in the British Imperial and United States. 1 acre = 4046.86 square meter = 43560 square foot = 4840 square yards = 0.404 hectare
1063:
A
Solution: Clay soil requires more herbicide dose than sandy soil. Clay particles are negatively charged and have a large surface area. Therefore the soils which have a high content of clay can absorb or tie up with the molecules of herbicides. While the percolation rate of sandy soil is more it absorbs the moisture and chemicals in the least amounts.
1064:
A
Solution: The grouping of clouds is done based on altitude levels or levels in the troposphere. The clouds that are found at high altitudes are termed cirrus, at middle altitude as alto and low altitude as Strato or Stratus . While very low stratiform clouds that touch Earth's surface are called Fog and mist.
1065:
C
Solution: Layering is the most common method of vegetative propagation in plants. It enables the Horticulturists to propagate the desirable plants with multiple varieties. The layering is done with various flowering plants like rose, hibiscus and bougainvillea but in fruiting plants, it is mainly done in Lemon.
1066:
D
Solution: The biocontrol agents are agents which originate naturally and protect plants from their natural enemies like parasites, predation, etc. these agents are harmful to specific organisms and do not harm the useful plants and organisms present in the soil. For the Lantana plant, Uropalta giraldi, Ophiomya lantanae and Crocidocema lantanae all act as bio-control agent.
1067:
A
Solution: Tank irrigation is practiced by constructing mud across small streams to make a small reservoir that collects excess water during the rainy season. This practice is popular in the peninsular plateau areas like Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
1068:
D
Solution: The Dapog method is a method of raising a dense stand of seedlings with no contact with soil. It is very common in the Philippines. The ratio between nursery area and transplantation area when rice seedling is raised by this method is 1 : 250.
1069:
D
Solution: Maize is the third most important food crop after rice and wheat. it is a Kharif crop. The maize crop is sensitive to both moisture stress and excessive moisture also high and low temperatures. The most suitable temperature for maize growth is 32 degrees Celcius.
1070:
C
Solution: The bar is a metric unit of pressure but is not part of an international system of units. Dyne is the unit of force in the centimeter-gram-second system of physical units. 1 Bar = 1000000 dynes/cm 2 = 10 6 dynes/cm 2
1071:
B
Solution: International Research Institution dealing with tuber crops is CTCRI. CTCRI stands for Central Tuber Crops Research Institute. It is a constituent institute under ICAR and is the only research organization in the world dedicated to research on tropical tuber crops. It is located at Sreekaryam, Thiruvanthapuram, Kerala and was established in 1963.
1072:
A
Solution: Soybean is a legume crop highly rich in nutrients and contains a maximum amount of protein. It is widely used as an edible seed as well as an oil seed. Soybean seeds contain about 37% of protein, 18% of fat, 8.46% of Linoleic acid and 5.5% of crude fiber.
1073:
B
Solution: Field capacity is the amount of soil moisture or water content held in soil after excess water has drained away and the rate of downward movement has materially decreased, usually after 2 - 3 days after rain or irrigation. The upper limit of the soil moisture available for plant growth is $$frac{1}{3}$$ bars of field capacity.
1074:
D
Solution: Furrow irrigation is a method where furrows are made and water is applied using a small discharge to favour water infiltration while advancing down the field. In this gravity plays the role of providing just enough water for suitable plants to grow. In the furrow method of irrigation, only $${frac{3}{4}^{{ ext{th}}}}$$ of the furrow is wetted.
1075:
B
Solution: Corchorus capsularis , white jute is a shrub species belonging to the family Malvaceae. It is the finer quality of jute fibres. Its leaves are used as a foodstuff and the leaves. Unripe fruits and roots are used in traditional medicine. It is believed to be originated in the Indo-Myanmar region.
1076:
C
Solution: The greenhouse effect is the phenomenon of warming of the earth's atmosphere because of the emission of greenhouse gases, which trap harmful U.V and infrared Solar Radiation. The main consequences of Green house effect increase in the temperature of the earth i.e. Global Warming which further leads to the melting of glaciers, a rise in Sea level, floods and famine, etc.
1077:
C
Solution: Ploughing is the primary tillage operation used to loosen or turn the soil before seeding or planting. the main motive of ploughing is to turn over the uppermost layer of soil to bring fresh nutrients to the surface. CRIDA (Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture) has classified tillage in accordance with the depth
5 - 6 cm is regarded as shallow, 15 - 20 cm is medium and 25 - 30 cm is regarded as deep tillage.
1078:
C
Solution: The common bread wheat that we use as our staple food is hexaploid. Root cells of wheat have 2n = 42 chromosome that is diploid chromosome number of 42 is six sets of the basic unit. And the basic unit can be obtained by dividing 42 by 6
$$left( {frac{{42}}{6} = 7}
ight)$$ xa0 i.e. each set has 7 chromosomes.