Mine Development And Mining Methods
Name: _____________________
Date: _____________________
Instructions: Answer all questions. Write your answers clearly in the space provided.
Question 1:
Which method is most suitable for highly fractured ore bodies?
A.
Sublevel Caving
B.
Shrinkage Stoping
C.
Cut and Fill
D.
Room and Pillar
Answer: _________
Question 2:
What is the purpose of grouting in mine development?
A.
Ore extraction
B.
Reduce water inflow
C.
Explosive charging
D.
Increase ventilation
Answer: _________
Question 3:
Which mining method is most applicable for strong ore and weak surrounding rock?
A.
Cut and Fill
B.
Block Caving
C.
Shrinkage Stoping
D.
Sublevel Caving
Answer: _________
Question 4:
A drift in underground mining is:
A.
A vertical shaft
B.
An inclined ramp
C.
A horizontal tunnel
D.
A backfilled stope
Answer: _________
Question 5:
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the choice of mining method?
A.
Ore body geometry
B.
Rock mechanics
C.
Market price of ore
D.
Color of ore
Answer: _________
Question 6:
Which excavation is driven upward from one level to another in a mine?
A.
Raise
B.
Drift
C.
Shaft
D.
Crosscut
Answer: _________
Question 7:
Which mining method is typically used in thick, steeply dipping ore bodies with competent rock?
A.
Room and Pillar
B.
Shrinkage Stoping
C.
Longwall Mining
D.
Cut and Fill
Answer: _________
Question 8:
The term "back" in underground mining refers to:
A.
The footwall of the stope
B.
The sidewall of the tunnel
C.
The roof of an excavation
D.
The pillar between rooms
Answer: _________
Question 9:
Which of the following methods involves artificially collapsing ore to extract it?
A.
Sublevel Stoping
B.
Cut and Fill
C.
Block Caving
D.
Shrinkage Stoping
Answer: _________
Question 10:
Which method involves simultaneous excavation and backfilling?
A.
Shrinkage stoping
B.
Block caving
C.
Cut and fill
D.
Sublevel caving
Answer: _________
Question 11:
Which structure prevents collapse of a shaft during sinking?
A.
Shaft collar
B.
Shaft liner
C.
Shaft station
D.
Shaft drift
Answer: _________
Question 12:
What method is used to monitor rock movement in mine openings?
A.
Blasting
B.
Drilling
C.
Extensometry
D.
Backfilling
Answer: _________
Question 13:
What is the purpose of a "manway" in underground mines?
A.
Ore transport
B.
Air cooling
C.
Personnel movement
D.
Dust control
Answer: _________
Question 14:
What is the primary use of a raise in underground mining?
A.
Material transport
B.
Ventilation and access
C.
Ore grinding
D.
Roof support
Answer: _________
Question 15:
In a mine layout, what is a "winze"?
A.
Vertical shaft from surface
B.
Inclined main access tunnel
C.
Internal shaft between levels
D.
Horizontal crosscut
Answer: _________
Question 16:
What is the purpose of scaling in underground mining?
A.
Support installation
B.
Removing loose rock
C.
Drilling boreholes
D.
Explosive loading
E.
Blasting hard rock
F.
Measuring tunnel width
G.
Removing loose rock
H.
Installing ventilation
Answer: _________
Question 17:
Which method is most suitable for weak ore and strong wall rocks?
A.
Shrinkage stoping
B.
Cut and fill
C.
Block caving
D.
Sublevel caving
Answer: _________
Question 18:
What is a typical feature of a decline in underground mining?
A.
Built for shaft sinking
B.
Provides horizontal access only
C.
Has steep vertical angles
D.
Allows vehicular movement
Answer: _________
Question 19:
Which of the following terms refers to the horizontal plane separating ore and waste in a stope?
A.
Footwall
B.
Hanging wall
C.
Ore-waste interface
D.
Level drift
Answer: _________
Question 20:
Why is horizontal development often done before vertical development?
A.
Easier blasting
B.
Faster machinery deployment
C.
Better access and drainage
D.
Lower equipment cost
Answer: _________
Question 21:
Which of the following equipment is used for breaking oversized boulders at drawpoints?
A.
Rock breaker
B.
Jaw crusher
C.
Ball mill
D.
Grizzly feeder
Answer: _________
Question 22:
What is the role of a staging chamber in a shaft?
A.
Emergency exit
B.
Pump installation
C.
Hoist changeover point
D.
Explosive storage
Answer: _________
Question 23:
Which of the following methods is most suitable for a steeply dipping narrow vein?
A.
Block caving
B.
Room and pillar
C.
Shrinkage stoping
D.
Longwall mining
Answer: _________
Question 24:
What is the main purpose of installing a collar during shaft sinking?
A.
Prevent water inflow
B.
Strengthen shaft bottom
C.
Provide stable top for equipment
D.
Reduce dust
Answer: _________
Question 25:
What equipment is commonly used in drift development for loading broken rock?
A.
Scraper
B.
Conveyor belt
C.
LHD (Load-Haul-Dump)
D.
Shovel dozer
Answer: _________
Question 26:
Which of these methods is least selective in ore extraction?
A.
Cut and fill
B.
Room and pillar
C.
Block caving
D.
Shrinkage stoping
Answer: _________
Question 27:
What does "ramping" refer to in underground development?
A.
Ore crushing
B.
Inclined access construction
C.
Drilling longholes
D.
Rock reinforcement
Answer: _________
Question 28:
Which factor makes decline development more favorable than shaft sinking?
A.
High ore grade
B.
Deep ore body
C.
Small production rate
D.
Vertical ore deposit
Answer: _________
Question 29:
In which mining method is broken ore left in place to support the stope?
A.
Block caving
B.
Cut and fill
C.
Shrinkage stoping
D.
Longwall mining
Answer: _________
Question 30:
Which of the following is a temporary support used during tunnel advancement?
A.
Steel arch
B.
Shotcrete
C.
Timber sets
D.
Cable bolts
Answer: _________
Question 31:
What is the purpose of an escape raise?
A.
Explosive handling
B.
Emergency egress
C.
Drill and blast monitoring
D.
Air temperature control
Answer: _________
Question 32:
The mining term "footwall" refers to:
A.
Wall above the ore body
B.
Hanging platform
C.
Wall below the ore body
D.
Ore deposit end
Answer: _________
Question 33:
Which of the following stoping methods uses vertical crater retreat blasting?
A.
Sublevel caving
B.
VCR mining
C.
Cut and fill
D.
Room and pillar
Answer: _________
Question 34:
A backfill mixture commonly includes:
A.
Coal and water
B.
Cement, tailings, water
C.
Lime and clay
D.
Silica and gravel
Answer: _________
Question 35:
What is the main role of ground monitoring instruments like extensometers?
A.
Fuel management
B.
Drill bit inspection
C.
Detect ground movement
D.
Increase ore grade
Answer: _________
Question 36:
What distinguishes sublevel caving from block caving?
A.
Use of backfill
B.
No ore passes required
C.
Use of multiple production levels
D.
Applicable to small deposits only
Answer: _________
Question 37:
What does "stope" mean in mining terminology?
A.
Conveyor belt
B.
Open space where ore is mined
C.
Shaft support
D.
Safety chamber
Answer: _________
Question 38:
Why is the crown pillar important in mining?
A.
Provides ore grade estimation
B.
Acts as a safety barrier between stopes and surface
C.
Increases ventilation flow
D.
Stores backfill
Answer: _________
Question 39:
Which method is preferred when surface subsidence must be avoided?
A.
Block Caving
B.
Sublevel Caving
C.
Cut and Fill
D.
Longwall Mining
Answer: _________
Question 40:
What is a raise borer used for?
A.
Horizontal drifting
B.
Rock bolting
C.
Creating vertical holes
D.
Loading ore
Answer: _________
Question 41:
In inclined ore bodies, which transport system is most efficient?
A.
Vertical skip hoist
B.
Conveyor belt in incline
C.
Shaft cage
D.
Spiral chute
Answer: _________
Question 42:
What is the typical purpose of a muck bay in a tunnel?
A.
Explosive storage
B.
Emergency shelter
C.
Temporary ore storage
D.
Equipment repair
Answer: _________
Question 43:
What mining method is most suited for flat-lying, tabular coal seams?
A.
Shrinkage stoping
B.
Sublevel caving
C.
Longwall mining
D.
Block caving
Answer: _________
Question 44:
Which of the following techniques is primarily used to improve ground stability around tunnels?
A.
Core drilling
B.
Grouting
C.
Dewatering
D.
Scaling
Answer: _________
Question 45:
What is the function of a collar in shaft sinking?
A.
Dust suppression
B.
Shaft mouth reinforcement
C.
Pump housing
D.
Blast initiation point
Answer: _________
Question 46:
What mining technique causes the least ore dilution?
A.
Block caving
B.
Sublevel stoping
C.
Cut and fill
D.
Sublevel caving
Answer: _________
Question 47:
What is the main characteristic of sublevel caving?
A.
Unsupported stopes
B.
Caving of overlying waste
C.
Backfilled stopes
D.
Ore removal before stope completion
Answer: _________
Question 48:
In which method is the hanging wall deliberately collapsed?
A.
Shrinkage stoping
B.
Block caving
C.
Sublevel stoping
D.
Cut and fill
Answer: _________
Question 49:
Which unit is typically used to express tunnel advance rate?
A.
Tons/day
B.
m 3 /hour
C.
m/day
D.
ft 2 /min
Answer: _________
Question 50:
Which of the following best describes a sump in mine development?
A.
Refuge chamber
B.
Water collection point
C.
Rock storage site
D.
Blasting station
Answer: _________
Question 51:
What is a major limitation of room and pillar mining?
A.
High ore recovery
B.
High flexibility
C.
Pillar design complexity
D.
Lack of mechanization
Answer: _________
Question 52:
What is the primary purpose of ventilation raises in underground mines?
A.
Ore transportation
B.
Worker transport
C.
Airflow circulation
D.
Explosive storage
Answer: _________
Question 53:
What is an advantage of a spiral ramp over a vertical shaft?
A.
Faster development
B.
Lower initial capital cost
C.
Higher hoisting capacity
D.
Better for deep deposits
Answer: _________
Question 54:
Which mining method is most suitable for flat-lying, stratified deposits such as coal?
A.
Sublevel stoping
B.
Longwall mining
C.
Shrinkage stoping
D.
Block caving
Answer: _________
Question 55:
What is "advance rate" in the context of tunnel development?
A.
Number of workers per shift
B.
Distance mined per day
C.
Ore recovered per blast
D.
Volume removed per cycle
Answer: _________
Question 56:
Which of the following supports is classified as a passive support?
A.
Shotcrete
B.
Steel set
C.
Rock bolt
D.
Cable bolt
Answer: _________
Question 57:
What is the primary purpose of a sump in a mine?
A.
Ore storage
B.
Emergency exit
C.
Water collection
D.
Explosive storage
Answer: _________
Question 58:
Which method involves retreating while extracting support pillars?
A.
Block caving
B.
Longwall mining
C.
Retreat mining
D.
Sublevel caving
Answer: _________
Question 59:
Which equipment is typically used in raise boring?
A.
Jumbo drill
B.
TBM
C.
Reaming head
D.
Jackleg drill
Answer: _________
Question 60:
What defines a "shaft collar" in mine development?
A.
Entry-level training
B.
Shaft entrance reinforcement
C.
Ore chute part
D.
Emergency ladder
Answer: _________
Question 61:
Which layout is common in sublevel stoping?
A.
Retreat and fill
B.
Multiple ore passes
C.
Vertical crater retreat
D.
Drill fan pattern
Answer: _________
Question 62:
What is an "ore chute"?
A.
Explosive storage bin
B.
Ore holding tank
C.
Channel for ore movement
D.
Drainage line
Answer: _________
Question 63:
Which stoping method is most suitable for narrow, steep ore veins?
A.
Shrinkage stoping
B.
Sublevel caving
C.
Block caving
D.
Longwall mining
Answer: _________
Question 64:
Which system is commonly used for mine dewatering?
A.
Rock bolting
B.
Belt conveyor
C.
Sump-pump system
D.
Grouting
Answer: _________
Question 65:
What is the role of a "crosscut" in underground mining?
A.
Drilling equipment
B.
Horizontal opening to access ore body
C.
Water channel
D.
Temporary ore storage
Answer: _________
Question 66:
In mining, what is a drift?
A.
Steep inclined tunnel
B.
Horizontal access tunnel
C.
Waste dump
D.
Shaft ventilation pipe
Answer: _________
Question 67:
What is the term for an underground working driven along the strike of an ore body?
A.
Raise
B.
Crosscut
C.
Drift
D.
Winze
Answer: _________
Question 68:
Which mining method involves drilling and blasting the ore body from multiple sublevels?
A.
Block Caving
B.
Sublevel Stoping
C.
Shrinkage Stoping
D.
Longwall Mining
Answer: _________
Question 69:
What type of shaft is started from an underground level and driven downward?
A.
Drift
B.
Raise
C.
Winze
D.
Incline
Answer: _________
Question 70:
What is the purpose of backfilling in mining?
A.
Ore extraction
B.
Roof support
C.
Material hauling
D.
Explosive storage
Answer: _________
Question 71:
What is the typical use of a "boxhole" in underground mining?
A.
To store explosives
B.
Raise driven upward for loading
C.
Air exhaust system
D.
Drainage gallery
Answer: _________
Question 72:
The inclination of a decline ramp is usually:
A.
45 degrees
B.
5 - 9 degrees
C.
60 - 70 degrees
D.
30 - 35 degrees
Answer: _________
Question 73:
In vertical shaft sinking, what is a "collar"?
A.
Explosive charge container
B.
Opening of the shaft at surface
C.
Roof bolt anchor
D.
Bottom of the shaft
Answer: _________
Question 74:
What is the main disadvantage of block caving?
A.
Low production rate
B.
High ore dilution
C.
High cost per ton
D.
Needs selective mining
Answer: _________
Question 75:
Which technique is used to measure rock stability in underground openings?
A.
Compressed air testing
B.
Seismic reflection
C.
Rock mass rating (RMR)
D.
X-ray diffraction
Answer: _________
Question 76:
Which term refers to the downward inclination of a vein or ore body?
A.
Dip
B.
Strike
C.
Plunge
D.
Pitch
Answer: _________
Question 77:
What is the function of a muck bay?
A.
Explosive charging
B.
Muck storage
C.
Drainage collection
D.
Air control
Answer: _________
Question 78:
What kind of ground support uses friction to hold the rock mass?
A.
Resin bolts
B.
Split sets
C.
Cable bolts
D.
Shotcrete
Answer: _________
Question 79:
Raise excavation from bottom to top without blasting is called:
A.
Raise boring
B.
Shaft sinking
C.
Slashing
D.
Drop raising
Answer: _________
Question 80:
What defines the term "strike" in geology?
A.
Angle of dip
B.
Vertical angle of ore body
C.
Horizontal direction of a geological feature
D.
Position of fault line
Answer: _________
Question 81:
Which of the following methods is most suitable for soft, unconsolidated ground?
A.
Block caving
B.
Sublevel stoping
C.
Cut and fill
D.
Longwall mining
Answer: _________
Question 82:
What is a boxhole in mining?
A.
Rescue chamber
B.
Small raise driven upward
C.
Tool storage area
D.
Survey reference point
Answer: _________
Question 83:
Which mining layout includes rooms and pillars of unmined ore?
A.
Shrinkage stoping
B.
Room and pillar
C.
Block caving
D.
Sublevel caving
Answer: _________
Question 84:
Which drilling pattern is used in shaft sinking?
A.
V-cut
B.
Fan cut
C.
Burn cut
D.
Ring pattern
Answer: _________
Question 85:
What is the primary purpose of a collar level in shaft development?
A.
Provide electrical connection
B.
Control dust
C.
Provide horizontal access from shaft
D.
Anchor shaft guides
Answer: _________
Question 86:
Which underground mining method uses a conveyor belt and hydraulic roof supports?
A.
Sublevel Stoping
B.
Longwall Mining
C.
Drift and Fill
D.
Shrinkage Stoping
Answer: _________
Question 87:
What is the primary function of a portal in mining?
A.
Explosive storage
B.
Shaft lining
C.
Surface entry to an adit
D.
Water drainage
Answer: _________
Question 88:
What is a stope in underground mining?
A.
A vertical shaft
B.
A chamber where ore is mined
C.
An inclined access tunnel
D.
A hoisting station
Answer: _________
Question 89:
Which factor is most important in selecting underground mining equipment?
A.
Ore color
B.
Mineral hardness
C.
Tunnel width and geometry
D.
Ore depth
Answer: _________
Question 90:
In which method is mining done under backfilled zones, allowing tight control and safety?
A.
Shrinkage Stoping
B.
Sublevel Caving
C.
Cut and Fill
D.
Block Caving
Answer: _________
Question 91:
A winze in mining refers to:
A.
Horizontal passage
B.
Shaft from surface
C.
Downward internal shaft
D.
Upward raise from shaft
Answer: _________
Question 92:
Which one is a non-entry mining method?
A.
Cut and Fill
B.
Sublevel Stoping
C.
Room and Pillar
D.
In-situ leaching
Answer: _________
Question 93:
Which one of the following is used to support weak roof in underground mining?
A.
Timber sets
B.
Shaft lining
C.
Portal gate
D.
Blasting mats
Answer: _________
Question 94:
What is the purpose of a muck bay in a decline tunnel?
A.
Drill positioning
B.
Material dumping area
C.
Explosive storage
D.
Shaft reinforcement
Answer: _________
Question 95:
Which of the following is a key advantage of cut-and-fill mining?
A.
Requires minimal ventilation
B.
High ore recovery in irregular bodies
C.
Fastest mining method
D.
Ideal for soft rock
Answer: _________
Question 96:
What is the main function of a grizzly in an underground mine?
A.
Drainage control
B.
Sorting large boulders
C.
Blasting operation
D.
Pumping water
Answer: _________
Question 97:
Which of the following methods is best for extracting ore from a horizontal, thin vein?
A.
Longwall mining
B.
Shrinkage stoping
C.
Drift mining
D.
Sublevel caving
Answer: _________
Question 98:
What is the purpose of "timber sets" in underground mining?
A.
Explosive handling
B.
Roof support
C.
Dust suppression
D.
Lighting
Answer: _________
Question 99:
Which term refers to the initial drift or tunnel created to access an ore body?
A.
Raise
B.
Decline
C.
Adit
D.
Stope
Answer: _________
Question 100:
Which support type applies compressive force to resist rock movement?
A.
Rock bolt
B.
Shotcrete
C.
Hydraulic prop
D.
Chain link mesh
Answer: _________
Question 101:
Which method is best for mining ore bodies that dip at shallow angles?
A.
Room and pillar
B.
Block caving
C.
Sublevel stoping
D.
Open stoping
Answer: _________
Question 102:
The process of enlarging a shaft or tunnel is called:
A.
Backfilling
B.
Slashing
C.
Reaming
D.
Scaling
Answer: _________
Question 103:
Which method uses gravity flow of ore and caved waste rock?
A.
Sublevel stoping
B.
Sublevel caving
C.
Shrinkage stoping
D.
Cut and fill
Answer: _________
Question 104:
What is the main challenge with room and pillar mining?
A.
Ore loss in pillars
B.
Excessive equipment cost
C.
Limited ventilation
D.
Need for explosives
Answer: _________
Question 105:
Which parameter indicates the difficulty of shaft sinking in water-bearing formations?
A.
Overbreak ratio
B.
Rock quality designation
C.
Hydrostatic pressure
D.
Shaft angle
Answer: _________
Question 106:
Which term refers to a horizontal working driven parallel and close to the ore body but not in ore?
A.
Sublevel
B.
Drift
C.
Exploration gallery
D.
Access tunnel
Answer: _________
Question 107:
In which mining method is "room and pillar" primarily used?
A.
Salt and potash mining
B.
Gold vein mining
C.
Steep ore mining
D.
Copper heap leaching
Answer: _________
Question 108:
Which mining method uses downward retreat of the ore body while filling the voids with waste or tailings?
A.
Cut and Fill
B.
Shrinkage Stoping
C.
Sublevel Caving
D.
Room and Pillar
Answer: _________
Question 109:
Which shaft sinking technique involves freezing water-bearing ground before excavation?
A.
Blind shaft boring
B.
Raise boring
C.
Artificial ground freezing
D.
Slurry wall method
Answer: _________
Question 110:
Which equipment is commonly used in soft rock underground mining?
A.
Roadheader
B.
Percussion drill
C.
Rotary drill
D.
Dragline
Answer: _________
Question 111:
What is the purpose of a "grizzly" in an underground loading system?
A.
Rock fragmentation
B.
Ore crushing
C.
Sizing oversized material
D.
Haulage automation
Answer: _________
Question 112:
What is the most suitable mining method for narrow, high-grade veins?
A.
Block Caving
B.
Sublevel Caving
C.
Shrinkage Stoping
D.
Longwall Mining
Answer: _________
Question 113:
What is the function of a mine ladderway?
A.
Ventilation control
B.
Water drainage
C.
Personnel movement
D.
Haulage automation
Answer: _________
Question 114:
What term describes the vertical distance between levels in underground mines?
A.
Rise height
B.
Sublevel gap
C.
Level interval
D.
Vertical interval
Answer: _________
Question 115:
What does the term "overbreak" refer to in tunnel development?
A.
A large raise
B.
Excess rock excavation beyond design limits
C.
Equipment failure in drift
D.
Poor blasting pattern
Answer: _________
Question 116:
What is the purpose of a refuge chamber in underground mines?
A.
Fuel storage
B.
Blasting control room
C.
Emergency shelter
D.
Explosive mixing
Answer: _________
Question 117:
The term "footwall" in mining refers to:
A.
Upper surface of ore body
B.
Side rock of tunnel
C.
Bottom surface below ore body
D.
Backfill material
Answer: _________
Question 118:
Which factor is least considered while choosing a shaft location?
A.
Accessibility
B.
Geological structure
C.
Groundwater conditions
D.
Ore grade
Answer: _________
Question 119:
What is a crosscut used for in underground mining?
A.
Surface excavation
B.
Connecting ore bodies
C.
Accessing veins perpendicular to drift
D.
Ventilation shaft
Answer: _________
Question 120:
What is the primary support used in weak underground conditions?
A.
Blasting mats
B.
Timber sets
C.
Raise bore
D.
Drift wall
Answer: _________
Question 121:
What is the name of the equipment used to hoist material in vertical shafts?
A.
LHD loader
B.
Skip
C.
Slusher
D.
Drill jumbo
Answer: _________
Question 122:
Which method generates the most subsidence at surface?
A.
Cut and fill
B.
Block caving
C.
Shrinkage stoping
D.
Room and pillar
Answer: _________
Question 123:
What is the main function of an LHD machine?
A.
Roof support
B.
Muck loading and transport
C.
Explosive charging
D.
Surveying
Answer: _________
Question 124:
The process of removing worn-out ground support is called:
A.
Scaling
B.
Rehabilitation
C.
Retraction
D.
Refurbishing
Answer: _________
Question 125:
Which technique improves roof stability by reinforcing fractured rock?
A.
Dewatering
B.
Ground freezing
C.
Rock bolting
D.
Shaft sinking
Answer: _________
Question 126:
What is the primary purpose of grouting in mine development?
A.
Support drilling
B.
Water seepage control
C.
Increase ore grade
D.
Improve ventilation
Answer: _________
Question 127:
What is "face" in mining terminology?
A.
Miner's protective gear
B.
Ore sampling site
C.
Working surface being mined
D.
Explosive magazine
Answer: _________
Question 128:
Which type of ventilation system uses both intake and exhaust shafts?
A.
Natural ventilation
B.
Split ventilation
C.
Mechanical ventilation
D.
Homotropal ventilation
Answer: _________
Question 129:
Which equipment is most suitable for narrow vein underground mining?
A.
Bucket wheel excavator
B.
LHD loader
C.
Airleg drill
D.
Continuous miner
Answer: _________
Question 130:
What does "cut" refer to in a cut-and-fill mining method?
A.
The supporting wall
B.
The ore removed in one pass
C.
The drainage tunnel
D.
The equipment used
Answer: _________
Question 131:
What is the primary purpose of a boxhole in mining?
A.
Dewatering
B.
Horizontal ventilation
C.
Ore transfer upward
D.
Explosive charging
Answer: _________
Question 132:
What is an essential characteristic of a sublevel caving method?
A.
Entire stope is backfilled immediately
B.
Ore is extracted with minimal waste
C.
Controlled collapse of overlying rock
D.
Manual drilling is not required
Answer: _________
Question 133:
Which underground opening is developed first in most mining operations?
A.
Stope
B.
Adit
C.
Shaft
D.
Raise
Answer: _________
Question 134:
In which scenario is twin shaft system preferred?
A.
Shallow ore body
B.
Open pit conversion
C.
Deep mining with high hoisting needs
D.
Prospecting access only
Answer: _________
Question 135:
What is the main concern when driving headings in swelling ground?
A.
High ore loss
B.
Air leakage
C.
Ground pressure and convergence
D.
Equipment breakdown
Answer: _________
Question 136:
Which of the following is an example of selective mining?
A.
Block caving
B.
Longwall mining
C.
Cut and fill
D.
Sublevel stoping
Answer: _________
Question 137:
What is an advantage of using rubber-tired vehicles in underground mines?
A.
Better water drainage
B.
Reduced ventilation requirement
C.
Higher maneuverability in small headings
D.
Less dust generation
Answer: _________
Question 138:
What kind of shaft is typically used to transport miners and materials?
A.
Ore pass
B.
Incline shaft
C.
Ventilation raise
D.
Service shaft
Answer: _________
Question 139:
What is the role of a grizzly in an underground ore pass system?
A.
Rock crushing
B.
Moisture control
C.
Separation of oversize rock
D.
Conveying fine ore
Answer: _________
Question 140:
Which of the following is used to prevent spontaneous combustion in coal mines?
A.
Nitrogen injection
B.
Roof bolting
C.
Wet drilling
D.
Backfilling
Answer: _________
Question 141:
Which of the following is a major hazard in block caving mines?
A.
Flooding
B.
Subsidence
C.
Gas emission
D.
Roof bolting failure
Answer: _________
Question 142:
What is the purpose of "slot drilling" in longhole stoping?
A.
Drain groundwater
B.
Install support
C.
Initiate ore breakage
D.
Pump explosives
Answer: _________
Question 143:
Which of the following is commonly used for lateral transport in narrow vein mines?
A.
Conveyor belts
B.
Rail cars
C.
Slushers
D.
Trucks
Answer: _________
Question 144:
What determines the need for secondary support in underground mines?
A.
Support material quality
B.
Lighting arrangement
C.
Primary support effectiveness
D.
Air velocity
Answer: _________
Question 145:
The term "ore pass" refers to:
A.
Ventilation tunnel
B.
Temporary shelter
C.
Vertical chute for ore movement
D.
Emergency ladder way
Answer: _________
Question 146:
Which mining method uses a mobile platform to excavate raises?
A.
Raise boring
B.
Sublevel caving
C.
Alimak raising
D.
Vertical crater retreat
Answer: _________
Question 147:
What is the primary reason for backfilling in underground mining?
A.
Prevent water seepage
B.
Increase haul distance
C.
Provide ground support
D.
Improve ventilation
Answer: _________
Question 148:
In which condition is shrinkage stoping most effective?
A.
Irregular ore body
B.
Soft ore and weak walls
C.
Narrow ore body with firm walls
D.
High groundwater flow
Answer: _________
Question 149:
Which development method is used when fast access to deep ore is needed?
A.
Inclined shaft
B.
Spiral ramp
C.
Vertical shaft sinking
D.
Raise boring
Answer: _________
Question 150:
What is the role of scaling in underground mining?
A.
Installing rock bolts
B.
Removing loose rocks
C.
Blasting ore zones
D.
Installing ventilation fans
Answer: _________
Question 151:
What is the term for a horizontal underground opening made at the lowest level to drain water?
A.
Crown pillar
B.
Main haulage level
C.
Pump chamber
D.
Drainage adit
Answer: _________
Question 152:
Which of these stoping methods involves leaving horizontal pillars to support the roof?
A.
Sublevel stoping
B.
Room and pillar
C.
Shrinkage stoping
D.
Cut and fill
Answer: _________
Question 153:
What is the key benefit of sublevel stoping?
A.
Very low capital investment
B.
Selective mining
C.
Fast production rates
D.
No need for drilling
Answer: _________
Question 154:
What is a typical application of raise boring?
A.
Shaft collaring
B.
Developing inclined haul roads
C.
Creating smooth vertical holes
D.
Ore fragmentation
Answer: _________
Question 155:
Which method involves ore fragmentation mainly by gravity?
A.
Longwall mining
B.
Sublevel stoping
C.
Block caving
D.
Shrinkage stoping
Answer: _________
Question 156:
Which underground transport equipment operates best on steep gradients?
A.
Rail haulage
B.
Conveyor belt
C.
LHDs (Load-Haul-Dump)
D.
Aerial tramway
Answer: _________
Question 157:
What is the purpose of pre-splitting in underground development?
A.
Increasing fragmentation
B.
Enhancing ore recovery
C.
Controlled wall breakage
D.
Increasing blast radius
Answer: _________
Question 158:
What does "face advance" refer to in tunneling?
A.
Speed of muck removal
B.
Rate of explosive loading
C.
Distance the tunnel front progresses
D.
Ventilation increase
Answer: _________
Question 159:
In development headings, what is typically installed immediately after blasting and scaling?
A.
Power cables
B.
Air duct
C.
Ground support system
D.
Rail track
Answer: _________
Question 160:
Which of the following is the main advantage of using a decline ramp over a vertical shaft?
A.
Lower ventilation requirements
B.
Cheaper construction
C.
Faster development for deep ore
D.
Continuous vehicular access
Answer: _________
Question 161:
What is the purpose of using shotcrete in underground mines?
A.
Explosive containment
B.
Ground support
C.
Water sealing
D.
Dust suppression
Answer: _________
Question 162:
Which of the following mining methods is best suited for steeply dipping, narrow ore bodies?
A.
Longwall Mining
B.
Room and Pillar
C.
Shrinkage Stoping
D.
Block Caving
Answer: _________
Question 163:
What does an ore pass do in underground mining?
A.
Allows ventilation flow
B.
Transports ore to lower levels by gravity
C.
Carries water to sumps
D.
Connects different levels for workers
Answer: _________
Question 164:
What is the main hazard during raise development?
A.
Water inflow
B.
Equipment failure
C.
Falling rocks and material
D.
Overbreak
Answer: _________
Question 165:
What does "rill stoping" combine in its mining approach?
A.
Cut and fill with shrinkage
B.
Sublevel caving with longwall
C.
Shrinkage stoping with sublevel stoping
D.
Block caving with fill
Answer: _________
Question 166:
In underground mining, a sump is primarily used for:
A.
Electrical installations
B.
Water drainage collection
C.
Explosive storage
D.
Worker refuge
Answer: _________
Question 167:
Which mining layout is most efficient for large-scale horizontal ore bodies?
A.
Room and Pillar
B.
Block Caving
C.
Shrinkage Stoping
D.
Sublevel Stoping
Answer: _________
Question 168:
Which of the following is a disadvantage of longwall mining?
A.
Low productivity
B.
High ore dilution
C.
High initial capital cost
D.
Poor safety record
Answer: _________
Question 169:
What is the function of a ventilation raise?
A.
Ore hoisting
B.
Drainage channel
C.
Personnel transport
D.
Air circulation
Answer: _________
Question 170:
Which equipment is typically used for ore removal in a sublevel stoping operation?
A.
Scraper
B.
LHD (Load-Haul-Dump)
C.
Belt conveyor
D.
Hand trolley
Answer: _________
Question 171:
Which development activity is done first in underground mining?
A.
Crosscutting
B.
Shaft sinking
C.
Drifting
D.
Stoping
Answer: _________
Question 172:
What is the purpose of a "collar" in shaft sinking?
A.
Explosive loading zone
B.
Opening for drilling
C.
Initial reinforced shaft opening
D.
Shaft ventilation device
Answer: _________
Question 173:
Which method is best suited for steep, narrow ore bodies with competent walls?
A.
Block caving
B.
Cut and fill
C.
Shrinkage stoping
D.
Room and pillar
Answer: _________
Question 174:
What is the main benefit of using shotcrete in underground development?
A.
Easy removal
B.
Ventilation control
C.
Ground stabilization
D.
Water drainage
Answer: _________
Question 175:
Which of the following is a major disadvantage of sublevel caving?
A.
Requires mechanization
B.
Poor recovery
C.
Excessive dilution
D.
High ore grade requirement
Answer: _________
Question 176:
The function of "crosscuts" in underground mining is to:
A.
Access vertical ore bodies
B.
Provide storage chambers
C.
Connect drifts or ore bodies
D.
Pump water
Answer: _________
Question 177:
Which of the following methods is suitable for mining massive low-grade ore bodies?
A.
Longwall mining
B.
Shrinkage stoping
C.
Block caving
D.
Cut and fill
Answer: _________
Question 178:
What is a significant drawback of raise boring compared to Alimak raising?
A.
Less precision
B.
Unsafe conditions
C.
Cannot excavate blind raises
D.
Slower progress
Answer: _________
Question 179:
What type of ore body is best suited for room and pillar mining?
A.
Flat-lying and uniform
B.
Vertical and narrow
C.
Deep and massive
D.
Irregular and erratic
Answer: _________
Question 180:
Which of the following best describes a "development heading"?
A.
Ore storage area
B.
Ventilation raise
C.
Active mining front in development
D.
Conveyor belt area
Answer: _________
Question 181:
What is the function of "bulkheads" in underground mines?
A.
Fire protection
B.
Support for loose ground
C.
Stopping water or air flow
D.
Lighting system
Answer: _________
Question 182:
Which of these is not a common shaft sinking method?
A.
Drill and blast
B.
Raise boring
C.
Caisson sinking
D.
Longwall slicing
Answer: _________
Question 183:
Which parameter most influences the spacing of ground support?
A.
Tunnel length
B.
Ventilation type
C.
Rock mass quality
D.
Support brand
Answer: _________
Question 184:
Which of the following is used for mechanized drilling in longhole stoping?
A.
Jumbos
B.
Raise climber
C.
Simba rig
D.
Boom truck
Answer: _________
Question 185:
What is the main function of a raise bore machine?
A.
Extract ore
B.
Develop horizontal drifts
C.
Excavate vertical openings
D.
Transport explosives
Answer: _________
Question 186:
Which mining method involves retreating the face and allowing the roof to collapse behind?
A.
Block caving
B.
Longwall mining
C.
Cut and fill
D.
Room and pillar
Answer: _________
Question 187:
What is the purpose of a crown pillar in underground mining?
A.
Provide ventilation
B.
Support overlying rock mass
C.
Drain water
D.
Guide drilling
Answer: _________
Question 188:
Which of the following is best suited for selective mining in irregular ore bodies?
A.
Block caving
B.
Sublevel caving
C.
Cut and fill
D.
Room and pillar
Answer: _________
Question 189:
Which factor most affects the stability of underground openings?
A.
Mine depth
B.
Rock strength
C.
Lighting quality
D.
Number of workers
Answer: _________
Question 190:
What is the purpose of an ore pass?
A.
Water drainage
B.
Waste storage
C.
Ore transfer between levels
D.
Air circulation
Answer: _________
Question 191:
The recovery of pillars in room and pillar mining is called:
A.
Primary stoping
B.
Retreat mining
C.
Forward mining
D.
Sublevel mining
Answer: _________
Question 192:
Which of the following techniques is used to ensure controlled rock fragmentation?
A.
Backfilling
B.
Blasting pattern design
C.
Timber setting
D.
Water pumping
Answer: _________
Question 193:
Which mining method generally produces the lowest dilution?
A.
Sublevel caving
B.
Cut and fill
C.
Block caving
D.
Longwall mining
Answer: _________
Question 194:
The term "shaft station" refers to:
A.
The main ventilation fan
B.
A stoping area near a shaft
C.
A level access point from a shaft
D.
A shaft repair area
Answer: _________
Question 195:
What is a common layout pattern for room and pillar mining?
A.
Checkerboard
B.
Circular
C.
Zigzag
D.
Radial
Answer: _________
Question 196:
Which of the following is NOT a common hazard in shaft sinking?
A.
Water inflow
B.
Gas emission
C.
Ore dilution
D.
Rock fall
Answer: _________
Question 197:
Which underground method allows for continuous ore production with minimal blasting?
A.
Block caving
B.
Cut and fill
C.
Sublevel caving
D.
Longwall mining
Answer: _________
Question 198:
What is the role of a "mucking unit" in mine development?
A.
Air supply
B.
Ore transport
C.
Blasting
D.
Lighting
Answer: _________
Question 199:
In raise boring, what is the function of the reamer head?
A.
Drill vertical holes
B.
Guide pilot holes
C.
Enlarge pilot holes
D.
Pump water
Answer: _________
Question 200:
What is "overbreak" in development blasting?
A.
Excess ventilation
B.
Incomplete fragmentation
C.
Rock breaking beyond design limit
D.
Misaligned tunnel
Answer: _________
Question 201:
Which support system uses wire mesh and shotcrete together?
A.
Passive support
B.
Hybrid support
C.
Cable bolting
D.
Active support
Answer: _________
Question 202:
In block caving, what triggers the caving process?
A.
Continuous blasting
B.
Gravitational pull
C.
Hydraulic jacking
D.
Controlled excavation at base
Answer: _________
Question 203:
What does RMR stand for in rock mechanics?
A.
Rock Mass Ratio
B.
Rock Mechanics Rating
C.
Rock Mass Rating
D.
Resistance Measurement Record
Answer: _________
Question 204:
Which of the following is an economic advantage of room and pillar mining?
A.
High recovery
B.
Minimal surface disturbance
C.
Simultaneous development and production
D.
No need for ore transport
Answer: _________
Question 205:
Which term describes the process of cleaning and leveling a stope floor after blasting?
A.
Mucking
B.
Scaling
C.
Barricading
D.
Trimming
Answer: _________
Question 206:
What is the function of a refuge bay in an underground mine?
A.
Equipment storage
B.
Blasting area
C.
Safe shelter during emergencies
D.
Drainage station
Answer: _________
Question 207:
Which mining method is least suitable for soft and unstable ground?
A.
Longwall mining
B.
Top slicing
C.
Sublevel stoping
D.
Cut and fill
Answer: _________
Question 208:
Which underground opening is driven perpendicular to the ore body to reach it?
A.
Drift
B.
Raise
C.
Crosscut
D.
Shaft
Answer: _________
Question 209:
What is the primary benefit of mechanized raise mining?
A.
Requires fewer explosives
B.
Improves water drainage
C.
Faster and safer excavation
D.
Reduces ventilation needs
Answer: _________
Question 210:
In cut and fill mining, what is typically used for backfilling?
A.
Broken waste rock
B.
Cemented tailings
C.
Wood planks
D.
Coal fines
Answer: _________
Question 211:
Which heading direction is usually driven along the ore body?
A.
Crosscut
B.
Shaft
C.
Raise
D.
Drift
Answer: _________
Question 212:
What is the term for a vertical opening between levels used for ore movement?
A.
Adit
B.
Raise
C.
Shaft
D.
Ore pass
Answer: _________
Question 213:
Which stoping method uses drilling and blasting from sublevels?
A.
Block caving
B.
Sublevel stoping
C.
Longwall mining
D.
Top slicing
Answer: _________
Question 214:
Which of the following increases the risk of rockbursts?
A.
Soft rock masses
B.
Low mining depths
C.
High in-situ stress
D.
Extensive ventilation
Answer: _________
Question 215:
What is the main function of a hoist in a vertical shaft?
A.
Ore sampling
B.
Ground monitoring
C.
Raise development
D.
Material and ore lifting
Answer: _________
Question 216:
Which mining method is most compatible with automation and remote operation?
A.
Longwall mining
B.
Shrinkage stoping
C.
Top slicing
D.
Cut and fill
Answer: _________
Question 217:
What determines the choice between shaft and ramp access?
A.
Rock color
B.
Groundwater table
C.
Depth and production rate
D.
Weather conditions
Answer: _________
Question 218:
What is the primary purpose of mine development?
A.
Extraction of ore
B.
Ventilation planning
C.
Accessing ore body
D.
Waste disposal
Answer: _________
Question 219:
Which one of the following is a horizontal opening driven from the surface to access a mineral deposit?
A.
Shaft
B.
Adit
C.
Stope
D.
Raise
Answer: _________
Question 220:
In which mining method is ore extracted in horizontal slices starting from the bottom and advancing upwards?
A.
Room and Pillar
B.
Cut and Fill
C.
Block Caving
D.
Shrinkage Stoping
Answer: _________
Question 221:
Which of the following is not an underground mining method?
A.
Open-pit mining
B.
Shrinkage stoping
C.
Sublevel stoping
D.
Cut and fill
Answer: _________
Question 222:
A vertical or near-vertical excavation used for transportation of men and material is called:
A.
Drift
B.
Shaft
C.
Crosscut
D.
Raise
Answer: _________
Question 223:
Which of the following mining methods is most suitable for low-grade, large-scale ore bodies?
A.
Shrinkage Stoping
B.
Block Caving
C.
Room and Pillar
D.
Cut and Fill
Answer: _________
Question 224:
Raise is usually driven:
A.
Downward from the surface
B.
Horizontal from shaft
C.
Upward from a lower level
D.
Vertical from adit
Answer: _________
Question 225:
Which mining method is used when ore is found in flat, tabular deposits?
A.
Shrinkage Stoping
B.
Block Caving
C.
Room and Pillar
D.
Sublevel Caving
Answer: _________
Question 226:
What does a decline ramp allow in underground mines?
A.
Rock reinforcement
B.
Shaft sinking
C.
Vehicle access
D.
Raise boring
Answer: _________
Question 227:
A raise used specifically for ore transfer is known as:
A.
Winze
B.
Ore pass
C.
Vent raise
D.
Ramp
Answer: _________
Question 228:
In which mining method is mining performed upward, leaving waste rock behind?
A.
Shrinkage stoping
B.
Sublevel caving
C.
Cut and fill
D.
Top slicing
Answer: _________
Question 229:
Which of the following is NOT a method of horizontal development?
A.
Crosscut
B.
Drift
C.
Winze
D.
Tunnel
Answer: _________
Question 230:
What is the use of a grizzly in an ore pass system?
A.
Increase drilling speed
B.
Filter oversized rocks
C.
Store explosives
D.
Prevent water inflow
Answer: _________
Question 231:
What is the main disadvantage of shrinkage stoping?
A.
Excessive ground support required
B.
Delayed ore recovery
C.
High water requirement
D.
Requires mechanized equipment
Answer: _________
Question 232:
Which of the following is most often used for initial ore body access in steep terrain?
A.
Box cut
B.
Inclined shaft
C.
Raise
D.
Adit
Answer: _________
Question 233:
Which method uses "slices" mined from the top downward?
A.
Sublevel stoping
B.
Cut and fill
C.
Top slicing
D.
Shrinkage stoping
Answer: _________
Question 234:
What is the purpose of a muck bay in a mine development heading?
A.
Store explosives
B.
Ventilation bypass
C.
Store blasted rock
D.
Pump water
Answer: _________
Question 235:
What does the term "ore dilution" refer to?
A.
Blending of ores from different grades
B.
Entry of waste material during mining
C.
Leaching of ore by water
D.
Ore loss during processing
Answer: _________
Question 236:
Which method is best for a deep, massive ore body with competent rock?
A.
Cut and fill
B.
Room and pillar
C.
Block caving
D.
Shrinkage stoping
Answer: _________
Question 237:
In underground mining, what is a "chute" used for?
A.
Storing explosives
B.
Loading ore into skips
C.
Rock support
D.
Draining water
Answer: _________
Question 238:
What does the term "support resistance" mean in ground control?
A.
Strength of ore against blasting
B.
Ability of rock bolts to conduct electricity
C.
Capacity of support to resist deformation
D.
Efficiency of hoisting system
Answer: _________
Question 239:
Which equipment is essential for cable bolting in underground mines?
A.
Pneumatic drill
B.
Resin injector
C.
Torque wrench
D.
Grouting pump
Answer: _________
Question 240:
What is typically installed in raises to allow safe climbing?
A.
Chain ladder
B.
Timber supports
C.
Ladderway with landings
D.
Belt conveyor
Answer: _________
Question 241:
In mine development, what is the primary function of a crosscut?
A.
Access ore body
B.
Drain water
C.
Provide ventilation
D.
Connect drifts
Answer: _________
Question 242:
Declines in mines are inclined tunnels primarily used for:
A.
Drainage only
B.
Hoisting ore
C.
Surface ventilation
D.
Access by vehicles
Answer: _________
Question 243:
What is the key factor in choosing between vertical crater retreat and sublevel stoping?
A.
Water table depth
B.
Orebody geometry and height
C.
Drill diameter
D.
Diesel equipment type
Answer: _________
Question 244:
A "box cut" is:
A.
Initial open cut to access underground ore
B.
A stoping method
C.
A rock bolting technique
D.
An ore pass support
Answer: _________
Question 245:
Which equipment is commonly used in mechanized mine development?
A.
Shovels
B.
Draglines
C.
Jumbo drill
D.
Cutter suction dredger
Answer: _________
Question 246:
Which of the following is a horizontal opening used for drainage or access?
A.
Shaft
B.
Raise
C.
Adit
D.
Winze
Answer: _________
Question 247:
Which factor determines shaft depth selection over a decline?
A.
Ventilation needs
B.
Rock type
C.
Depth of ore body
D.
Number of miners
Answer: _________
Question 248:
Which opening is primarily designed for haulage in underground metal mines?
A.
Vent raise
B.
Drift
C.
Winze
D.
Raise
Answer: _________
Question 249:
Which of the following is a blind vertical shaft?
A.
Raise
B.
Adit
C.
Winze
D.
Incline
Answer: _________
Question 250:
Which of the following is used to control dust in underground mines?
A.
Rock bolts
B.
Shotcrete
C.
Water sprays
D.
Conveyor belts
Answer: _________
Question 251:
Which of the following is primarily used for ventilation in underground mines?
A.
Raise
B.
Crosscut
C.
Adit
D.
Winze
Answer: _________
Question 252:
A ramp in underground mining serves the same function as a:
A.
Shaft
B.
Raise
C.
Decline
D.
Drift
Answer: _________
Question 253:
What equipment is used for horizontal development in hard rock mines?
A.
Scraper
B.
LHD
C.
Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)
D.
Scooptram
Answer: _________
Question 254:
What is the major challenge in shaft sinking in water-bearing strata?
A.
Hard rock cutting
B.
Air quality control
C.
Water inflow and pressure
D.
Crew safety training
Answer: _________
Answer Key
1:
A
Solution: Definition: Highly fractured ore bodies are ore deposits characterized by extensive fracturing and jointing, resulting in weak rock mass and potential instability. Correct Answer: Sublevel Caving (A) Sublevel caving is a method particularly well-suited for large, steeply dipping, and highly fractured ore bodies. This is because the method relies on the inherent instability of the fractured rock. The ore is extracted from sublevels, and the overlying ore is allowed to cave progressively. The fracturing facilitates this caving process, making it relatively easy to break down the ore and allowing for efficient extraction. The broken ore is drawn from the drawpoints at the bottom of the stopes. Why other options are less suitable: Shrinkage Stoping (B): While shrinkage stoping can handle some fracturing, it's less effective in highly fractured ground because the broken ore's self-supporting nature becomes unreliable in extremely fragmented conditions. Maintaining the stope walls becomes significantly more difficult, leading to instability and safety concerns. Cut and Fill (C): Cut and fill requires relatively stable walls for effective operation. Highly fractured ore bodies lack this stability. The fill material would be lost into the fractures, rendering the method inefficient and potentially hazardous. Room and Pillar (D): Room and pillar is suitable for relatively strong, less fractured ore bodies where pillars are left in place to support the roof. In highly fractured ore bodies, maintaining the integrity of the pillars would be challenging, leading to potential roof collapses and operational difficulties. The pillars would be weakened by the fracturing, rendering them ineffective for support.
2:
B
Solution: Definition of Grouting: Grouting is a technique used in mining and civil engineering to inject a fluid material—typically cement-based, chemical, or resin grout—into rock or soil to fill cracks, fissures, or voids. Once the material sets, it strengthens the ground and helps seal off pathways for water or gas infiltration. Correct Answer: Option B: Reduce water inflow The correct answer is Option B: Reduce water inflow because the main function of grouting in mine development is to seal water-bearing fractures and reduce or completely block the inflow of groundwater into the underground workings . This is crucial for maintaining safe, dry, and stable conditions during tunneling, shaft sinking, or excavation. By controlling water ingress, grouting prevents potential flooding, minimizes the need for continuous pumping, and reduces the risk of ground instability caused by water pressure. It also makes drilling and blasting operations more effective and safer in saturated zones. Grouting is often done ahead of development headings in advance of expected water-bearing zones or during shaft sinking in wet ground. The process enhances the structural integrity of the surrounding rock mass and ensures that construction can proceed efficiently and safely. Explanation of Other Options: Option A: Ore extraction Ore extraction involves drilling, blasting, and transporting broken ore, not sealing fractures or water channels. Option C: Explosive charging Explosive charging is related to blasting operations and has no direct connection with the grouting process. Option D: Increase ventilation Ventilation is improved through the construction of airways and installation of fans—not by injecting grout into the rock. Conclusion: Therefore, the correct answer is Option B: Reduce water inflow , as grouting is primarily employed in mine development to control groundwater and improve ground stability by sealing water pathways.
3:
A
Solution: Cut and Fill offers wall support by backfilling mined-out spaces.The correct answer is: Cut and FillIt protects weak hanging walls and allows selective mining.Useful when ore is competent and host rock is poor.
4:
C
Solution: Drift is a horizontal passage driven in ore or waste.The correct answer is: A horizontal tunnelUsed for access, haulage, or development purposes.It runs parallel to the ore body or along the vein.
5:
D
Solution: Ore body geometry refers to the shape, size, and orientation of the ore deposit within the earth. Rock mechanics describes the physical and mechanical properties of the rocks surrounding and containing the ore body, including strength, stress, and fracturing. Market price of ore is the economic value of the extracted ore, influencing the profitability of different mining methods. The choice of mining method is a crucial decision in mining engineering, heavily influenced by various geological and economic factors. Option A, Ore body geometry , significantly influences the choice of mining method. Different geometries (e.g., tabular, massive, disseminated) necessitate different approaches to extraction. A steeply dipping vein might require underground methods, while a flat-lying deposit may lend itself to surface mining. Option B, Rock mechanics , are equally critical. The strength and stability of the surrounding rock determine whether open-pit or underground methods are feasible and safe. Weak rocks might necessitate support systems that alter the chosen method. Option C, Market price of ore , is a major economic driver. If the ore price is high, more expensive and complex methods might be justified to extract all of the ore, even from challenging geometries or rock conditions. Conversely, a low ore price may necessitate simpler, less costly methods, focusing on higher-grade ore. Option D, Color of ore , is irrelevant to the choice of mining method. The color of the ore has no bearing on the feasibility, safety, or economics of extraction. The physical properties and geological context of the deposit are far more significant. Therefore, the correct answer is D: Color of ore because the color is an aesthetic property that has no impact on the engineering decisions related to mining methods.
6:
A
Solution: Raise is a vertical or inclined opening driven upward from one level to another.The correct answer is: RaiseUsed for ventilation, ore transfer, and escape routes.Drift is horizontal, shaft is vertical from surface, and crosscut connects drifts.
7:
B
Solution: Shrinkage Stoping is used for steep, thick ore bodies with strong rock.The correct answer is: Shrinkage StopingBroken ore is left in place to support the stope until most of the ore is extracted.Efficient when wall rock is stable and self-supporting.
8:
C
Solution: The term " back " in underground mining refers to the roof or ceiling of an excavation . In simpler terms, when miners are working in an underground tunnel, drift, or stope, the "back" is the surface directly above them. Therefore, the correct answer is Option C . Let's look at why other options are incorrect: Option A: The footwall of the stope - The footwall is the lower, relatively undisturbed side of a mineral vein or ore body. It's not the roof. Option B: The sidewall of the tunnel - The sidewalls are the vertical surfaces on either side of a tunnel, not the top. Option D: The pillar between rooms - Pillars are left-in-place ore or rock to support the overlying strata and prevent collapse. They are not the roof of an excavation.
9:
C
Solution: Block Caving is the correct answer. First, let's define Block Caving . Block caving is a bulk mining method used to extract large, relatively low-grade orebodies. It involves creating an undercut in the orebody, then intentionally inducing a controlled collapse of the ore to facilitate extraction from the bottom. The process involves undercutting a large block of ore, usually from several levels, creating a void. The weight of the overlying ore then causes it to fracture and collapse into this void. The broken ore is then drawn off through draw points at the bottom of the caved block. Now let's look at why the other options are incorrect: Option A: Sublevel Stoping : Sublevel stoping involves mining ore in horizontal slices from multiple levels. The ore is broken using blasting and then removed. It does not involve artificially collapsing an entire orebody. Option B: Cut and Fill : Cut and fill is a method where ore is extracted in slices. As each slice is mined, the void is filled with waste material (the "fill"). This is a controlled mining method that does not involve collapsing the ore. Option D: Shrinkage Stoping : Shrinkage stoping is a method where ore is broken and then some of the broken ore is removed, leaving space for more ore to be broken. This space "shrinks" as more ore is removed. This also does not involve the artificial collapse of a large block of ore. In summary, only block caving relies on the intentional and controlled collapse of a large orebody as the primary means of extraction.
10:
C
Solution: Cut and fill is a sequential method with filling after each cut.The correct answer is: Cut and fillProvides excellent ground support.Suitable for irregular ore bodies and weak rock.
11:
B
Solution: Shaft liner is a permanent internal support in the shaft.The correct answer is: Shaft linerMade from concrete, steel, or wood.Protects against water, rockfalls, and collapse.
12:
C
Solution: Extensometers measure displacement in rock masses.The correct answer is: ExtensometryUsed to monitor roof stability and deformation over time.Essential in geotechnical instrumentation.
13:
C
Solution: Manways are vertical or inclined shafts fitted with ladders.The correct answer is: Personnel movementUsed for emergency escape or inspection access.Complement hoisting or ramp systems.
14:
B
Solution: Raise is a vertical or inclined opening connecting different levels.The correct answer is: Ventilation and accessUsed for air circulation, ore transfer, or escape routes.Often developed using raise boring or Alimak.
15:
C
Solution: Winze is a vertical or steeply inclined shaft sunk inside the mine.The correct answer is: Internal shaft between levelsUsed for ore transfer and ventilation between levels.Unlike shafts, winzes start underground.
16:
B, G
Solution: Scaling involves removing loose rock from walls and roof.The correct answer is: Removing loose rockEnsures a safer work area by preventing rock falls.Typically done manually or with mechanical scalers.
17:
A
Solution: Shrinkage stoping retains broken ore in place to support stope walls.The correct answer is: Shrinkage stopingIdeal when ore is fragile but surrounding rock is competent.Ore is extracted after stoping is completed.
18:
D
Solution: Declines are inclined tunnels used for vehicle access.The correct answer is: Allows vehicular movementUsed for transporting ore, waste, and personnel.Less expensive than shafts for moderate depths.
19:
C
Solution: First, let's define some key terms: Stope: A stope is an underground excavation where ore is extracted. It's essentially the working area of an underground mine. Ore: Ore is a naturally occurring rock or sediment that contains sufficient concentrations of valuable minerals to be economically extracted. Waste: Waste refers to the rock material in a mine that does not contain economically valuable minerals and is therefore left in place. Now, let's look at the options: Option A: Footwall The footwall is the rock mass underlying an orebody or a fault plane. It is not necessarily a horizontal plane defining the separation between ore and waste in a stope. Option B: Hanging wall The hanging wall is the rock mass overlying an orebody or a fault plane. Similar to the footwall, it isn't specifically the horizontal plane separating ore and waste within a stope. Option C: Ore-waste interface The ore-waste interface is precisely the boundary, usually represented as a plane, that divides the ore from the waste rock within the stope. This is the accurate definition for the horizontal plane separating ore and waste in a stope. Option D: Level drift A level drift is a horizontal or nearly horizontal tunnel driven in a mine. It is a passageway, not the boundary between ore and waste. Therefore, the correct answer is C. Ore-waste interface because it directly and accurately describes the horizontal plane separating the valuable ore from the waste rock within the stope.
20:
C
Solution: Horizontal development, such as driving tunnels into a hillside, often precedes vertical development (sinking shafts) because it provides crucial access to the orebody. Tunnels allow for easier and safer transportation of equipment, personnel, and mined materials. Furthermore, horizontal development enables early establishment of drainage systems . Water accumulation in underground mines can be a major safety and operational hazard. Establishing drainage channels and sumps horizontally allows for more controlled and effective water management before extensive vertical workings are created, preventing water from rushing down shafts and flooding deeper levels. Why other options are incorrect: Option A: Easier blasting: While blasting might be simpler in some horizontal situations, it's not the primary reason for prioritizing horizontal over vertical development. Blasting techniques are adaptable to both horizontal and vertical environments. Option B: Faster machinery deployment: Machinery deployment is facilitated by access, which is a consequence of horizontal development, but not the main driving factor in the sequencing decision. Option D: Lower equipment cost: Equipment costs can vary based on the specific mining method and geological conditions, but aren't fundamentally different between horizontal and vertical development to a significant enough degree to justify the choice. The costs are often comparable, and access provided by horizontal developments often allows for safer, more efficient equipment use, indirectly lowering overall costs in the long run.
21:
A
Solution: Rock breaker is a hydraulic hammer mounted on an arm.The correct answer is: Rock breakerIt breaks oversize rocks stuck at grizzlies or drawpoints.Prevents delays in ore flow.
22:
C
Solution: Staging chamber is a widened section in a shaft for loading/unloading personnel or materials.The correct answer is: Hoist changeover pointUsed to transfer between cage systems or rest zones.Also allows equipment maneuvering.
23:
C
Solution: Shrinkage stoping is ideal for steep, narrow veins.The correct answer is: Shrinkage stopingBroken ore supports the stope until most of it is extracted.Requires strong ore and host rock.
24:
C
Solution: Shaft collar is a reinforced structure at the surface opening.The correct answer is: Provide stable top for equipmentSupports hoisting structures and prevents surface collapse.Often constructed with concrete.
25:
C
Solution: LHDs are compact, versatile loaders used in underground mines.The correct answer is: LHD (Load-Haul-Dump)They scoop, transport, and dump material efficiently in tight spaces.Battery, diesel, and electric versions are available.
26:
C
Solution: Block caving is a bulk mining method with little control over what caves.The correct answer is: Block cavingOre and waste collapse together, leading to high dilution.Suitable only for low-grade, massive ore bodies.
27:
B
Solution: Ramp is an inclined tunnel connecting levels.The correct answer is: Inclined access constructionUsed for vehicle access and ore haulage.Replaces vertical shafts in some mines.
28:
C
Solution: Declines are cost-effective for shallow to moderate depths and smaller outputs.The correct answer is: Small production rateCheaper to build and allows rubber-tired vehicle access.Ideal when quick access is needed.
29:
C
Solution: Shrinkage stoping temporarily leaves broken ore in the stope.The correct answer is: Shrinkage stopingThe retained ore provides support to walls and roof.Later removed after the stope is fully mined.
30:
C
Solution: Timber sets are used as short-term support in advancing headings.The correct answer is: Timber setsOften replaced later by permanent systems like steel sets or shotcrete.Useful in small-scale mines.
31:
B
Solution: Escape raises are vertical or inclined passages used in emergencies.The correct answer is: Emergency egressAllow miners to reach surface or a safe zone quickly.Often equipped with ladders or platforms.
32:
C
Solution: Footwall lies beneath the ore body in an inclined seam.The correct answer is: Wall below the ore bodyOpposite to the hanging wall.Terminology helps in defining drilling orientation and support layout.
33:
B
Solution: VCR (Vertical Crater Retreat) uses downward drilling and crater blasting.The correct answer is: VCR miningEffective in competent ore with a vertical geometry.Allows safe remote drilling and blasting.
34:
B
Solution: Backfill restores voids with a stable mixture.The correct answer is: Cement, tailings, waterSupports ground, reduces surface subsidence, and helps waste disposal.Can be placed hydraulically or mechanically.
35:
C
Solution: Extensometers and similar tools monitor ground stability.The correct answer is: Detect ground movementUsed to prevent roof falls and structural failures.Part of geotechnical monitoring programs.
36:
C
Solution: Sublevel caving uses multiple levels to drill and blast ore, which caves under its own weight.The correct answer is: Use of multiple production levelsBlock caving involves large undercut areas collapsing en masse.Sublevel caving offers more control and selectivity.
37:
B
Solution: Stope is the excavated area where ore has been extracted.The correct answer is: Open space where ore is minedShape and size vary depending on the mining method.Can be supported or unsupported based on conditions.
38:
B
Solution: Crown pillar is the rock left between mined-out stopes and the surface.The correct answer is: Acts as a safety barrier between stopes and surfacePrevents collapse and surface subsidence.Its design is critical for mine closure planning.
39:
C
Solution: Cut and Fill uses backfill to support the stope, minimizing voids.The correct answer is: Cut and FillThis prevents ground movement and is ideal under sensitive areas like towns.Block caving causes extensive surface movement.
40:
C
Solution: Raise borer drills vertical or inclined shafts between levels.The correct answer is: Creating vertical holesIt drills a pilot hole, then enlarges from below upward, creating smooth-walled shafts.Used in ventilation raises and ore passes.
41:
B
Solution: Inclined conveyor belts are efficient for hauling ore in sloping tunnels.The correct answer is: Conveyor belt in inclineThey offer continuous, low-maintenance transport.Skips and cages are best suited for vertical shafts.
42:
C
Solution: Muck bay is an enlarged section in a tunnel where blasted rock (muck) is temporarily stored.The correct answer is: Temporary ore storageIt provides space to load or haul ore without blocking the main tunnel.Not used for explosives or shelter.
43:
C
Solution: Longwall mining is highly efficient for extracting flat, continuous seams.The correct answer is: Longwall miningIt uses a shearer and roof supports to extract large panels.Very common in coal mining.
44:
B
Solution: Grouting involves injecting cementitious or chemical material into the ground.The correct answer is: GroutingIt fills fractures, reduces permeability, and strengthens rock mass.Essential near water-bearing or loose zones.
45:
B
Solution: Shaft collar is the reinforced area at the top of a shaft.The correct answer is: Shaft mouth reinforcementIt prevents ground sloughing and provides support for hoisting gear.Usually made of concrete or steel.
46:
C
Solution: Cut and fill mining allows selective extraction and tight control over ore boundaries.The correct answer is: Cut and fillBackfill supports the walls, reducing waste mixing.Used in high-grade, irregular ore zones.
47:
B
Solution: Sublevel caving allows ore to be extracted as overlying waste caves in.The correct answer is: Caving of overlying wasteOre is blasted from sublevels, and cave propagates upward.Requires good caveability and ground control.
48:
B
Solution: Block caving relies on gravity to break and extract the ore.The correct answer is: Block cavingThe hanging wall collapses into undercut areas.Used for massive, low-grade bodies.
49:
C
Solution: Definition of Tunnel Advance Rate: Tunnel advance rate refers to the linear distance a tunnel progresses over a given period of time during excavation. It is a key performance indicator used in tunneling projects to measure the efficiency of excavation methods, equipment, and workforce. Correct Answer: Option C: m/day The correct answer is Option C: m/day because the tunnel advance rate is typically expressed as the number of meters excavated per day . This unit provides a direct and practical measure of the speed at which the tunnel face is advancing. Using meters per day allows engineers, planners, and contractors to: • Plan construction schedules • Estimate project duration • Allocate resources efficiently • Evaluate the performance of different excavation techniques (e.g., TBM vs. drill-and-blast) The unit is linear (not volumetric or weight-based) because the focus is on the distance advanced along the tunnel alignment, not the volume or mass of rock removed. Explanation of Other Options: Option A: Tons/day This unit measures material output or removal, not the linear progress of tunneling. Option B: m 3 /hour This unit refers to volume of material excavated per hour and is more commonly used in equipment capacity or production rate assessments, not tunnel advance. Option D: ft 2 /min This is a unit of area per time, which does not represent linear progress or tunnel advancement. Conclusion: Therefore, the correct answer is Option C: m/day , as it directly represents the linear rate at which tunnel excavation progresses over time.
50:
B
Solution: Sump is a low point designed to collect and drain water.The correct answer is: Water collection pointOften located at shaft bottoms or tunnel corners.Pumped out to maintain dry conditions.
51:
C
Solution: Room and pillar mining leaves pillars behind, which must be carefully designed.The correct answer is: Pillar design complexityIncorrect design may lead to collapse or excessive ore loss.Requires geomechanical analysis.
52:
C
Solution: Ventilation raises are vertical openings connecting levels to improve air movement.The correct answer is: Airflow circulationThey enable fresh air supply and exhaust of harmful gases.Crucial for mine safety and regulatory compliance.
53:
B
Solution: Spiral ramps are inclined tunnels used for vehicular access.The correct answer is: Lower initial capital costCheaper to construct than shafts, though slower for deep ore bodies.Suited for shallow to moderate depths.
54:
B
Solution: Longwall mining involves full extraction of coal panels using shearers.The correct answer is: Longwall miningHighly productive for flat, uniform seams.Roof is allowed to collapse behind.
55:
B
Solution: Advance rate measures how fast a tunnel progresses.The correct answer is: Distance mined per dayTypically expressed in meters/day or feet/day.Influenced by rock type, equipment, and method.
56:
B
Solution: Passive support does not actively resist deformation but holds ground in place.The correct answer is: Steel setShotcrete and bolts are considered active supports.Steel sets are common in tunnels with poor ground.
57:
C
Solution: Sump refers to a low point in the mine where water collects.The correct answer is: Water collectionHelps prevent flooding and allows for effective pumping systems.Usually located near shafts or declines.
58:
C
Solution: Retreat mining removes pillars during withdrawal from a mined area.The correct answer is: Retreat miningCommonly used in coal mines.Requires high monitoring due to collapse risk.
59:
C
Solution: Raise boring involves drilling a pilot hole, then using a reaming head.The correct answer is: Reaming headEnlarges hole from bottom to top.Used for ventilation raises and ore passes.
60:
B
Solution: Shaft collar is the reinforced concrete or steel structure at shaft top.The correct answer is: Shaft entrance reinforcementProvides stability and structure for surface installations.Protects against soil collapse.
61:
D
Solution: Sublevel stoping uses fan drilling from sublevels into the ore body.The correct answer is: Drill fan patternAllows precise blasting and ore extraction.Suitable for steep, competent ore bodies.
62:
C
Solution: Ore chute is a sloped channel for gravity-based ore movement.The correct answer is: Channel for ore movementConnects stopes to ore passes or haulage levels.Requires maintenance to prevent hang-ups.
63:
A
Solution: Shrinkage stoping is ideal for narrow, steeply inclined ore bodies.The correct answer is: Shrinkage stopingBroken ore supports miners as work progresses upward.Good for hard rock mining.
64:
C
Solution: Mine dewatering uses sump-pump systems to remove water.The correct answer is: Sump-pump systemPrevents equipment damage and hazards.Essential in both development and production phases.
65:
B
Solution: Crosscut is a horizontal tunnel that intersects an ore body.The correct answer is: Horizontal opening to access ore bodyDrilled perpendicular to drifts or drives.Facilitates haulage and ventilation.
66:
B
Solution: Drift is a horizontal passage in a mine, usually along the vein.The correct answer is: Horizontal access tunnelUsed for ore extraction, access, or infrastructure.Developed at different levels as needed.
67:
C
Solution: Drift is a horizontal passage driven parallel to the ore body.The correct answer is: DriftIt follows the strike direction and is commonly used for exploration and development.Raise and winze are vertical, crosscut is perpendicular to the ore.
68:
B
Solution: Sublevel Stoping involves creating multiple levels for drilling and blasting.The correct answer is: Sublevel StopingIt allows high productivity and is used in competent ore and host rock.Different from caving methods where gravity assists ore movement.
69:
C
Solution: Winze is a shaft driven downward from underground.The correct answer is: WinzeIt is used to connect lower levels or access deeper ore.Unlike a shaft (from surface) or a raise (upward), winze is a downward excavation.
70:
B
Solution: Backfilling refers to placing waste or material into mined-out stopes.The correct answer is: Roof supportIt stabilizes the ground, prevents subsidence, and improves safety.Used in methods like cut and fill or where voids must be filled.
71:
B
Solution: Boxhole Definition: A boxhole in underground mining is a small, typically rectangular, opening or chamber excavated from a larger mine opening (like a level or drift). It's specifically designed for a particular purpose related to material handling or access. Correct Answer: Option B: Raise driven upward for loading Boxholes are commonly used as the bottom loading point for raises. A raise is an inclined or vertical shaft driven upwards from a lower level to a higher level in a mine. The boxhole provides a convenient and controlled location to load broken ore or rock from the raise into mine cars or other haulage equipment. Its relatively small size compared to the raise itself makes it easier to manage the loading process and minimize spillage. Why other options are incorrect: Option A: To store explosives Storing explosives requires much stricter safety regulations and specialized, well-ventilated storage areas, not a simple boxhole. Boxholes are not designed for the safe handling and storage of explosives. Option C: Air exhaust system Airflow in underground mines is managed by larger, more carefully designed ventilation systems, not small boxholes. Boxholes are too small and their locations aren't typically optimal for efficient ventilation. Option D: Drainage gallery Drainage galleries are larger, dedicated passages constructed specifically for collecting and channeling water away from the mine workings. A boxhole's size and design are not suitable for this purpose.
72:
B
Solution: Decline Ramp Definition: A decline ramp is an inclined roadway or tunnel that provides access to underground mine workings. Unlike shafts which are near-vertical, decline ramps have a gentler slope, allowing for easier transportation of equipment and materials using vehicles. Correct Answer: Option B (5-9 degrees) The inclination of a decline ramp is typically kept shallow, usually between 5 and 9 degrees. This is because a steeper incline would: * Increase the risk of accidents during transportation of equipment and personnel. * Require more powerful and expensive vehicles to negotiate the steeper grade. * Lead to increased wear and tear on vehicles and braking systems. * Make ventilation more challenging. Why Other Options Are Incorrect: Option A (45 degrees): A 45-degree incline is far too steep for a decline ramp used for routine transportation of equipment and personnel. It would present significant safety and operational challenges. Option C (60-70 degrees): This incline is even steeper than 45 degrees and is practically unusable for decline ramps. This would only be suitable for specialized applications (that aren’t common for decline ramps). Option D (30-35 degrees): While less steep than options A and C, this is still considered too steep for most decline ramps. It would still increase the challenges of equipment transportation and safety.
73:
B
Solution: Collar is the surface opening of a vertical shaft.The correct answer is: Opening of the shaft at surfaceIt requires strong reinforcement to prevent collapse and erosion.Usually supported by concrete or steel structures.
74:
B
Solution: Ore dilution is the major concern in block caving.The correct answer is: High ore dilutionAs the rock caves, waste rock can mix with ore, reducing grade.Though cost-effective for large volumes, it lacks selectivity.
75:
C
Solution: RMR (Rock Mass Rating) classifies the quality of rock mass.The correct answer is: Rock mass rating (RMR)It evaluates rock joints, strength, groundwater, and orientation.Helps in selecting support systems and mining methods.
76:
A
Solution: Dip is the angle at which a vein or ore body inclines from the horizontal.The correct answer is: DipMeasured perpendicular to strike.Essential in geological mapping and stope design.
77:
B
Solution: Muck bay is an enlarged section of the drift to temporarily store blasted rock.The correct answer is: Muck storageFacilitates smooth operation of LHD or loaders.Prevents production delays.
78:
B
Solution: Split sets are friction-based rock support elements.The correct answer is: Split setsInserted into a slightly smaller hole, anchoring via friction.Often used with mesh in underground headings.
79:
A
Solution: Raise boring uses a pilot hole and reamer head to cut upward.The correct answer is: Raise boringNo explosives needed, safer and accurate.Common for ventilation and ore passes.
80:
C
Solution: Strike is the compass direction of a rock layer or fault line.The correct answer is: Horizontal direction of a geological featureMeasured perpendicular to dip.Used in mapping and mine planning.
81:
C
Solution: Cut and fill provides support after each cut with fill material.The correct answer is: Cut and fillIdeal for poor ground conditions.Allows selective mining and ground stability.
82:
B
Solution: Boxhole is a small raise made upward to connect levels.The correct answer is: Small raise driven upwardCommonly used to initiate raises or ore passes.Usually drilled using handheld or mechanized equipment.
83:
B
Solution: Room and pillar leaves parts of the ore as pillars for support.The correct answer is: Room and pillarCommon in coal and flat-lying bedded deposits.Pillars may be later recovered in retreat mining.
84:
C
Solution: Burn cut is commonly used in shaft sinking.The correct answer is: Burn cutCentral holes are left uncharged to create a void.Allows other holes to break into the void efficiently.
85:
C
Solution: Collar level is the first horizontal opening from a vertical shaft.The correct answer is: Provide horizontal access from shaftActs as a hub for early excavation or logistics.Often used during sinking and construction stages.
86:
B
Solution: Longwall Mining is used in coal mining with a long face and mechanized supports.The correct answer is: Longwall MiningIt provides high recovery and automation.Mostly used for soft-rock like coal.
87:
C
Solution: Portal is the entrance to an adit or tunnel.The correct answer is: Surface entry to an aditIt connects the surface to underground workings in horizontal or inclined entries.It must be stable and often reinforced.
88:
B
Solution: Stope is the open space left after ore is extracted.The correct answer is: A chamber where ore is minedStoping is the main ore extraction phase.It follows the ore geometry and chosen mining method.
89:
C
Solution: Tunnel width and geometry determine the size and type of equipment used.The correct answer is: Tunnel width and geometryEquipment must fit safely and efficiently.Hardness affects tools, but geometry limits mobility and operation.
90:
C
Solution: Cut and Fill involves mining a stope, then backfilling it before mining the next slice.The correct answer is: Cut and FillProvides excellent ground support and is ideal for irregular or dipping ore bodies.Minimizes dilution and risk.
91:
C
Solution: Winze is a vertical or inclined shaft sunk downward from an underground level.The correct answer is: Downward internal shaftIt connects lower levels and is not started from the surface like a shaft.Used for ore hoisting or ventilation.
92:
D
Solution: In-situ leaching involves extracting minerals by dissolving them underground.The correct answer is: In-situ leachingNo physical entry is required into the ore zone.Used for soluble minerals like uranium or copper.
93:
A
Solution: Timber sets are traditional roof support structures.The correct answer is: Timber setsThey are used in weak ground to prevent collapse.Still in use for temporary or small-scale operations.
94:
B
Solution: Muck bay is a widened section of the decline or drift.The correct answer is: Material dumping areaIt allows temporary storage of blasted rock (muck) before it is hauled.Improves traffic flow in the decline.
95:
B
Solution: Cut-and-fill mining is highly adaptable to complex, irregular ore bodies.The correct answer is: High ore recovery in irregular bodiesFilling provides support and enables selective mining.It is slower and more expensive but precise.
96:
B
Solution: Grizzly is a coarse screen at ore passes or crushers.The correct answer is: Sorting large bouldersPrevents oversized material from entering downstream equipment.Improves equipment efficiency and safety.
97:
C
Solution: Drift mining is used for thin, horizontal seams near the surface.The correct answer is: Drift miningDeveloped horizontally into the vein from the hillside.Used in coal and small mineral deposits.
98:
B
Solution: Timber sets are wooden frames supporting mine roofs and walls.The correct answer is: Roof supportUsed in soft or weak ground conditions.Being replaced by steel and concrete supports in modern mining.
99:
C
Solution: Adit is a horizontal passage into a mine, often from the surface.The correct answer is: AditUsed for access, drainage, and haulage.Common in mountainous terrain where horizontal entry is feasible.
100:
C
Solution: Hydraulic props offer active support using fluid pressure.The correct answer is: Hydraulic propCommonly used in longwall mining to support advancing face.Can be adjusted and reused.
101:
A
Solution: Room and pillar is suited for shallow-dipping or flat ore bodies.The correct answer is: Room and pillarEfficient where the seam is uniform and stable.Also used in salt, coal, and potash mining.
102:
B
Solution: Slashing refers to enlarging underground openings.The correct answer is: SlashingUsed to improve access or increase production capability.Different from reaming, which enlarges boreholes.
103:
B
Solution: Sublevel caving allows ore and waste to cave and flow due to gravity.The correct answer is: Sublevel cavingDrilled and blasted from sublevels below.Used for massive, weak ore bodies.
104:
A
Solution: Room and pillar mining leaves behind supporting pillars.The correct answer is: Ore loss in pillarsPillars cannot always be recovered, causing unrecoverable reserves.Design optimization helps balance recovery and safety.
105:
C
Solution: Hydrostatic pressure reflects the pressure exerted by groundwater.The correct answer is: Hydrostatic pressureIt can cause water inflow during sinking, requiring dewatering or ground freezing.Important in selecting lining and sinking method.
106:
C
Solution: Exploration gallery is driven near the ore zone for observation and sampling.The correct answer is: Exploration galleryUsed to determine ore geometry, grade, and structure.Not a production-level drift.
107:
A
Solution: Room and pillar is used in flat-bedded deposits like salt, coal, and potash.The correct answer is: Salt and potash miningRooms are mined, and pillars are left to support the roof.Not suitable for steep or irregular ore bodies.
108:
A
Solution: Cut and Fill is an underground mining method using backfilling after each ore slice is removed.The correct answer is: Cut and FillEffective for irregular ore bodies and unstable ground.Allows high selectivity and safety.
109:
C
Solution: Artificial ground freezing stabilizes wet, loose ground during shaft sinking.The correct answer is: Artificial ground freezingCirculates chilled brine or nitrogen through pipes to freeze surrounding soil.Minimizes water inflow and supports excavation.
110:
A
Solution: Roadheader is used in soft to medium-hard rocks for continuous excavation.The correct answer is: RoadheaderIt uses a rotating cutting head and conveyor for spoil removal.Efficient in coal and evaporite mines.
111:
C
Solution: Grizzly is a coarse screen at ore passes or chutes to block oversized material.The correct answer is: Sizing oversized materialPrevents large boulders from jamming crushers or loading equipment.Improves downstream efficiency.
112:
C
Solution: Shrinkage Stoping is ideal for steep, narrow, high-grade ore bodies.The correct answer is: Shrinkage StopingBroken ore supports the stope walls and is removed later.Reduces dilution in narrow vein conditions.
113:
C
Solution: Ladderway is a vertical or inclined passage fitted with ladders for worker movement.The correct answer is: Personnel movementUsed in emergency escape routes or where hoisting is unavailable.Not suitable for haulage or ventilation.
114:
D
Solution: Vertical interval is the distance between successive levels.The correct answer is: Vertical intervalIt affects haulage cost, ventilation, and stope design.Common values range from 30 to 60 meters depending on method.
115:
B
Solution: Overbreak is unintentional excavation beyond the tunnel design profile.The correct answer is: Excess rock excavation beyond design limitsIt leads to extra ground support costs and instability.Caused by over-blasting or weak rock zones.
116:
C
Solution: Refuge chamber provides temporary shelter during emergencies like fire or gas leaks.The correct answer is: Emergency shelterIt is equipped with air supply, water, and communication devices.Crucial for miner safety in emergency evacuation plans.
117:
C
Solution: Footwall is the rock mass beneath the ore body or vein.The correct answer is: Bottom surface below ore bodyThe rock above the ore is called the hanging wall.Important in structural analysis and access planning.
118:
D
Solution: Ore grade is important for economic feasibility, but not a primary consideration for shaft siting.The correct answer is: Ore gradeFactors like geological stability, groundwater, and access are prioritized to ensure safe and cost-effective development.Ore grade influences mining methods, not necessarily shaft position.
119:
C
Solution: Crosscut is a horizontal tunnel driven perpendicular to the main drift.The correct answer is: Accessing veins perpendicular to driftIt provides access to ore zones that are not aligned with the main tunnel.Essential in block caving and vein mining.
120:
B
Solution: Timber sets are commonly used to support weak or fractured rock.The correct answer is: Timber setsComposed of vertical and horizontal wooden beams, they stabilize tunnels and stopes.Especially useful in narrow vein mines and older operations.
121:
B
Solution: Skip is a shaft hoisting device used for transporting ore and waste.The correct answer is: SkipIt operates on a guide rail and works with hoisting engines.LHDs are for horizontal haulage, and drill jumbos for drilling.
122:
B
Solution: Block caving involves collapsing the ore body and overlying rock.The correct answer is: Block cavingLarge-scale method suitable for low-grade, massive ore bodies.Subsidence is significant and must be managed.
123:
B
Solution: LHD (Load-Haul-Dump) machines are versatile mucking units.The correct answer is: Muck loading and transportWork in confined spaces and haul broken ore to ore passes or trucks.Common in modern underground mining.
124:
B
Solution: Rehabilitation involves replacing old or damaged supports.The correct answer is: RehabilitationImproves safety and allows re-entry into mined-out areas.Common before secondary mining.
125:
C
Solution: Rock bolting strengthens the rock mass by binding loose blocks.The correct answer is: Rock boltingCommon in hard rock mines.Often combined with mesh and shotcrete.
126:
B
Solution: Grouting involves injecting cement or chemical mixtures into fractures.The correct answer is: Water seepage controlUsed to seal cracks in rock to prevent water ingress.Also strengthens weak zones before excavation.
127:
C
Solution: Face is the exposed area of rock where excavation occurs.The correct answer is: Working surface being mined Can be vertical or inclined depending on orientation.Regularly drilled, blasted, and advanced.
128:
C
Solution: Mechanical ventilation uses fans to circulate air through shafts.The correct answer is: Mechanical ventilationEnsures controlled airflow, critical in deep and gassy mines.Supports both fresh air intake and foul air exhaust.
129:
C
Solution: Airleg drills are lightweight and maneuverable.The correct answer is: Airleg drillIdeal for narrow spaces where larger equipment cannot reach.Commonly used in hand-held drilling operations.
130:
B
Solution: Cut is the horizontal ore segment extracted during a mining cycle.The correct answer is: The ore removed in one passOnce the cut is mined, the void is filled before mining above.This maintains stability.
131:
D
Solution: Definition of Boxhole: A boxhole in mining is a short, upward-driven raise or excavation typically created from a lower level toward an upper area in underground mining. It is a narrow and steeply inclined or vertical opening used for specific operational tasks in confined or controlled spaces. Correct Answer: Option D: Explosive charging The primary purpose of a boxhole is to serve as a safe and controlled location for loading explosives in blasting operations. Boxholes allow miners to insert and position explosives precisely into the rock mass, which is critical for achieving effective and targeted rock breakage. Boxholes are strategically placed to ensure that the blast energy is directed in the intended direction, and they provide a degree of protection for personnel by isolating them from direct exposure to the blast area. Their compact and enclosed design also helps in minimizing risks associated with misfires or fly rock in underground environments. Explanation of Other Options: Option A: Dewatering Dewatering involves removing water from the mine using pumps and drainage systems. While water may occasionally drain through a boxhole due to gravity, it is not designed or used primarily for dewatering purposes. Option B: Horizontal ventilation Ventilation systems in mines include dedicated airways, raises, and fans that manage airflow across the entire mine. A boxhole, being vertical and small, does not play a role in horizontal ventilation . Option C: Ore transfer upward Ore transfer is usually carried out using larger infrastructure such as ore passes, vertical shafts, conveyors, or skips. A boxhole is too small and structurally unsuitable for regular ore transport in an upward direction. Conclusion: Thus, the correct answer is Option D: Explosive charging , as boxholes are specifically constructed to support the safe, effective, and controlled placement of explosives in underground mining operations.
132:
C
Solution: Definition of Sublevel Caving: Sublevel caving is an underground mining method in which ore is fragmented by drilling and blasting on multiple levels (sublevels) situated between the main levels of the mine. After blasting, the broken ore is drawn off from below, and the overlying rock mass is allowed to collapse into the void created. This method is used primarily in massive ore bodies where the ore and host rock are weak to moderately strong. Correct Answer: Option C: Controlled collapse of overlying rock An essential characteristic of sublevel caving is the controlled collapse of the overlying rock as ore is extracted. As ore is drawn out from below, the surrounding waste rock from the hanging wall caves in to fill the void. This controlled caving process is intentional and designed to follow the retreat of the mining front. The success of sublevel caving relies on managing this collapse effectively. The caving of overburden provides a continuous source of broken material, maintaining productivity while minimizing the need for backfilling. However, dilution from the waste rock is a key challenge that must be managed carefully. Explanation of Other Options: Option A: Entire stope is backfilled immediately This is characteristic of methods like cut-and-fill mining. In sublevel caving, backfilling is typically not done immediately or extensively , as the voids are filled naturally by caved-in waste rock. Option B: Ore is extracted with minimal waste Sublevel caving usually involves some degree of waste rock mixing with ore (dilution) due to the caving process. Therefore, it does not guarantee minimal waste compared to methods like room-and-pillar or cut-and-fill mining. Option D: Manual drilling is not required While modern sublevel caving operations use mechanized drilling, the statement is misleading. Drilling is a critical component of the method, and in some cases, manual drilling may still be required depending on conditions. Conclusion: The correct answer is Option C: Controlled collapse of overlying rock , as this feature defines the core operational principle of sublevel caving and distinguishes it from other underground mining methods.
133:
B
Solution: Underground Opening Development in Mining: Before explaining the answer, let's define some key terms: Stope: A stope is the underground excavation where ore is extracted. It's essentially the working area of the mine. Adit: An adit is a horizontal or nearly horizontal passage from the surface into a mine. It provides access to the mine without the need for deep vertical shafts. Shaft: A shaft is a vertical or steeply inclined opening from the surface to underground workings. It's used for access, ventilation, and hoisting ore and personnel. Raise: A raise is a typically vertical or steeply inclined opening excavated from below upwards. It's often used to connect different underground levels. Correct Answer: B - Adit In most mining operations, an adit is developed first. This is because an adit offers several advantages: It provides relatively inexpensive and easy access to the ore body, especially if the ore body is located at a shallow depth or on a hillside. It minimizes the need for extensive and costly shaft sinking. It can facilitate early exploration and development of the ore body. Why other options are less likely to be developed first: A - Stope: Stopes are developed *after* access to the ore body has been established. You can't extract ore until you can get to it. C - Shaft: Shafts are more expensive and time-consuming to construct than adits. They're generally used when the ore body is too deep to access easily via an adit or when large volumes of ore need to be extracted. D - Raise: Raises are typically used to connect different levels *within* the mine after initial access has been gained. They're not the primary access point.
134:
C
Solution: Twin shaft system involves separate shafts for man/material and ore hoisting.The correct answer is: Deep mining with high hoisting needsImproves efficiency and safety in large operations.Used in major metal mines globally.
135:
C
Solution: Swelling ground expands upon exposure to air or water.The correct answer is: Ground pressure and convergenceThis can squeeze supports and close tunnels.Requires strong supports and regular re-bolting.
136:
C
Solution: Selective mining extracts high-grade portions while minimizing waste.The correct answer is: Cut and fillSuited for narrow, irregular, or high-grade ore bodies.High cost but precise extraction.
137:
C
Solution: Rubber-tired vehicles like LHDs are flexible and fast.The correct answer is: Higher maneuverability in small headingsIdeal for narrow drifts and variable layouts.Require good ventilation due to diesel emissions.
138:
D
Solution: Service shaft is designed for personnel, materials, and utilities.The correct answer is: Service shaftIt often includes elevators, ladders, and pipe installations.Ore shafts are primarily for hoisting rock.
139:
C
Solution: Grizzly is a grid or grate placed over ore passes or bins.The correct answer is: Separation of oversize rockIt prevents large boulders from blocking chutes.Oversize is then broken manually or by hydraulic hammers.
140:
A
Solution: Spontaneous combustion occurs when coal oxidizes and self-heats.The correct answer is: Nitrogen injectionNitrogen displaces oxygen, stopping oxidation.Other methods include sealing and temperature monitoring.
141:
B
Solution: Block caving causes large-scale underground voids to collapse naturally.The correct answer is: SubsidenceThis leads to surface subsidence, often over wide areas.Monitoring and mitigation are critical.
142:
C
Solution: Slot drilling creates a void or relief area to initiate blast-induced rock breakage.The correct answer is: Initiate ore breakageWithout a slot, blasting is ineffective due to confinement.Slots are essential for fragmentation.
143:
C
Solution: Slushers are cable-operated scrapers used to pull ore in confined spaces.The correct answer is: SlushersEffective in narrow vein conditions where trucks can't operate.Economical and low-profile.
144:
C
Solution: Secondary support supplements primary systems when they are insufficient.The correct answer is: Primary support effectivenessFactors like convergence or new cracks may trigger need.Includes cable bolts, retimbering, etc.
145:
C
Solution: Ore passes are vertical or inclined openings used to transfer ore between levels.The correct answer is: Vertical chute for ore movementThey improve efficiency and reduce haul distances.Must be designed to avoid hang-ups.
146:
C
Solution: Alimak raising uses a mechanized raise climber to excavate vertical openings.The correct answer is: Alimak raisingAllows work from a safe platform.Common in ventilation and manway raises.
147:
C
Solution: Backfilling involves placing material in mined-out voids.The correct answer is: Provide ground supportStabilizes surrounding rock and allows nearby mining.May also reduce surface subsidence.
148:
C
Solution: Shrinkage stoping is ideal for narrow, steeply dipping ore bodies with competent rock.The correct answer is: Narrow ore body with firm wallsBroken ore supports walls during stoping.Not suitable for weak ground.
149:
C
Solution: Vertical shaft sinking provides direct, quick access to deep ore zones.The correct answer is: Vertical shaft sinkingFaster than ramps for deep deposits.Used for hoisting, ventilation, and transport.
150:
B
Solution: Scaling involves removing loose or dangerous rock from the walls and roof.The correct answer is: Removing loose rocksEssential for safety before personnel or equipment enter.Done manually or mechanically.
151:
D
Solution: Drainage adit is a horizontal tunnel designed to remove water via gravity.The correct answer is: Drainage aditEspecially common in older mines to reduce pumping needs.Positioned below the lowest active level.
152:
B
Solution: Room and pillar leaves ore pillars behind to support the roof.The correct answer is: Room and pillarUsed for flat-lying deposits like coal and potash.Room extraction can be partial or full.
153:
C
Solution: Sublevel stoping uses multiple drilling levels and longhole blasting.The correct answer is: Fast production ratesSuitable for steep, competent ore bodies.Efficient but less selective and has moderate dilution.
154:
C
Solution: Raise boring drills a small pilot hole, then enlarges it to full diameter.The correct answer is: Creating smooth vertical holesUsed for ventilation shafts, ore passes, and service holes.Safer and faster than conventional raises.
155:
C
Solution: Block caving undermines a large ore block, causing it to collapse under its own weight.The correct answer is: Block cavingMinimal drilling and blasting once caving begins.Low cost per ton but high dilution.
156:
C
Solution: LHDs are versatile and maneuverable, ideal for steep or winding drives.The correct answer is: LHDs (Load-Haul-Dump)They are diesel or electric powered and work efficiently in ramps.Rail and belts are limited on gradients.
157:
C
Solution: Pre-splitting involves drilling closely spaced holes along the boundary of excavation.The correct answer is: Controlled wall breakageIt reduces overbreak and maintains stable tunnel walls.Used before main blasting.
158:
C
Solution: Face advance is the measure of how far the tunnel is extended after each blast or round.The correct answer is: Distance the tunnel front progressesIt's an indicator of development rate and efficiency.Typically measured in meters/day.
159:
C
Solution: Ground support system like rock bolts or mesh is applied right after cleaning.The correct answer is: Ground support systemThis ensures worker safety and tunnel stability.Other installations follow once safety is ensured.
160:
D
Solution: Decline ramps allow trucks and equipment to access the ore body without hoisting.The correct answer is: Continuous vehicular accessThis is ideal for shallow to medium-depth deposits.Shafts are more efficient for very deep mining.
161:
B
Solution: Shotcrete is sprayed concrete used to support exposed rock surfaces.The correct answer is: Ground supportIt prevents rock falls and stabilizes tunnel walls and ceilings.Often combined with mesh and bolts.
162:
C
Solution: Shrinkage Stoping is ideal for steep and narrow ore zones.The correct answer is: Shrinkage StopingBroken ore is stored in the stope to support walls and later extracted.Longwall is used in flat seams, especially coal.
163:
B
Solution: Ore pass is a vertical or inclined passage used to move ore downward.The correct answer is: Transports ore to lower levels by gravityIt increases efficiency by reducing hauling distance.Proper design prevents blockages and wear.
164:
C
Solution: Raise development involves upward excavation, which exposes workers to falling debris.The correct answer is: Falling rocks and materialProper scaling and support are essential to minimize risks.Raise climbers or raise boring machines reduce manual exposure.
165:
C
Solution: Rill stoping uses elements of sublevel and shrinkage stoping.The correct answer is: Shrinkage stoping with sublevel stopingIt allows blasting from lower sublevels while using broken ore for wall support.Suited for moderately dipping ore bodies.
166:
B
Solution: Sump is a low point where water is collected and pumped out.The correct answer is: Water drainage collectionIt prevents water buildup that can hinder operations or weaken ground.Essential for mine dewatering.
167:
B
Solution: Block Caving is used for large, low-grade, horizontally extensive ore bodies.The correct answer is: Block CavingIt uses gravity to collapse ore, minimizing drilling and blasting.Low cost per ton but higher dilution.
168:
C
Solution: Longwall mining is highly productive, especially for coal.The correct answer is: High initial capital costRequires expensive machinery and roof support systems.However, it offers good safety and recovery rates.
169:
D
Solution: Ventilation raise is a vertical opening used for airflow.The correct answer is: Air circulationIt allows fresh air to enter and contaminated air to exit.Essential for maintaining breathable air underground.
170:
B
Solution: Sublevel stoping uses LHDs to remove blasted ore from drawpoints.The correct answer is: LHD (Load-Haul-Dump)LHDs are efficient, versatile, and commonly used underground.Enhance productivity and safety.
171:
B
Solution: Shaft sinking is usually the first major activity to access deeper levels.The correct answer is: Shaft sinkingIt allows transport, ventilation, and service installation.Followed by lateral development.
172:
C
Solution: Collar is the reinforced surface opening of a shaft.The correct answer is: Initial reinforced shaft openingIt stabilizes the ground near the surface and provides a solid base.Critical for long-term shaft safety.
173:
C
Solution: Shrinkage stoping is economical for steep, strong vein structures.The correct answer is: Shrinkage stopingBroken ore supports the walls, reducing support needs.Ore is withdrawn after stope completion.
174:
C
Solution: Shotcrete is sprayed concrete used for reinforcing tunnel walls.The correct answer is: Ground stabilizationPrevents rockfalls and supports weak ground.Can be applied quickly and conforms to irregular surfaces.
175:
C
Solution: Sublevel caving can lead to mixing of waste rock and ore.The correct answer is: Excessive dilutionAs overlying rock caves in, it contaminates the ore.Requires good draw control to manage dilution.
176:
C
Solution: Crosscuts are horizontal tunnels driven perpendicular to the ore.The correct answer is: Connect drifts or ore bodiesUsed to access ore or other workings from main entries.Essential for mine layout flexibility.
177:
C
Solution: Block caving is cost-effective for large, low-grade deposits.The correct answer is: Block cavingUses gravity to break and draw ore.Low operating cost but requires significant planning.
178:
C
Solution: Raise boring requires access to both top and bottom of the raise.The correct answer is: Cannot excavate blind raisesAlimak can be used where only bottom access is available.Raise boring is safer and more mechanized.
179:
A
Solution: Room and pillar works best in flat, continuous ore bodies like coal or potash.The correct answer is: Flat-lying and uniformPillars support the roof, while rooms provide ore access.Allows simultaneous mining and development.
180:
C
Solution: Development heading is the advancing face of a new tunnel.The correct answer is: Active mining front in developmentIncludes activities like drilling, blasting, mucking.Crucial for creating access or infrastructure.
181:
C
Solution: Bulkheads are sealed walls built to control airflow or water movement.The correct answer is: Stopping water or air flow Often made of concrete, they isolate flooded or gassy sections.Essential for mine safety and ventilation control.
182:
D
Solution: Shaft sinking involves vertical access creation using several techniques.The correct answer is: Longwall slicingLongwall is a coal mining method, not used for shafts.Raise boring and caisson are modern shaft techniques.
183:
C
Solution: Ground support spacing is based on geotechnical stability.The correct answer is: Rock mass qualityMeasured using RMR, Q-system, etc.Better rock needs less support.
184:
C
Solution: Longhole stoping requires accurate and deep drilling.The correct answer is: Simba rigSimba rigs are computer-controlled for precise parallel holes.Increases productivity and fragmentation control.
185:
C
Solution: Raise boring is a technique to drill vertical or inclined shafts.The correct answer is: Excavate vertical openingsIt drills a pilot hole, then enlarges it from bottom to top.Used for ventilation shafts and ore passes.
186:
B
Solution: Longwall mining is common in coal mining with high productivity.The correct answer is: Longwall miningPowered supports advance with the face while the roof collapses in the gob area.This method is highly mechanized.
187:
B
Solution: Crown pillar is a layer of unmined rock left between an underground mine and the surface.The correct answer is: Support overlying rock massIt prevents collapse and surface subsidence.Critical in near-surface deposits.
188:
C
Solution: Cut and fill mining adapts to irregular ore shapes and allows selective extraction.The correct answer is: Cut and fillOre is removed in slices and the void is backfilled.High cost but minimal dilution.
189:
B
Solution: Rock strength is a primary determinant of how stable an opening will be.The correct answer is: Rock strengthStronger rocks can support wider spans and deeper development.Measured through RQD and UCS tests.
190:
C
Solution: Ore pass : An ore pass is a vertical or inclined chute used in underground mining operations to transport extracted ore from one level of the mine to another. Correct Answer: Option C: Ore transfer between levels The primary purpose of an ore pass is to facilitate the efficient and safe movement of broken ore from upper mining levels to lower levels, where it can be collected and transported to the surface for processing. Ore passes are typically constructed of concrete or steel and are designed to withstand the abrasive nature of the ore and the substantial forces involved in transporting large volumes of material. They often incorporate features such as chutes, gates, and loading points to control the flow of ore. Why other options are incorrect: Option A: Water drainage : While some ore passes might incidentally help drain water, this is not their primary function. Water drainage in mines is usually handled by dedicated systems, such as sumps and pumps. Option B: Waste storage : Waste rock (or tailings) is usually disposed of in designated areas, separate from ore passes. Storing waste in ore passes would hinder their primary function and potentially cause blockages. Option D: Air circulation : Mine ventilation is managed through separate ventilation shafts and systems. Ore passes are not designed for air circulation and could even obstruct airflow if improperly managed.
191:
B
Solution: Room and Pillar Mining: Room and pillar mining is a mining method where ore is extracted by creating a grid of rooms separated by pillars of ore. These pillars support the overlying rock and prevent cave-ins. After the rooms are mined, the pillars may be subsequently extracted, depending on the stability of the ground and mining goals. This subsequent extraction of the pillars is the key to understanding the question. Retreat Mining: Retreat mining is the correct answer. In retreat mining, the rooms are initially mined leaving the pillars in place. These pillars then provide support for the overlying strata. Once mining in a section is complete, the pillars are systematically removed in a planned retreat, allowing the overlying ground to subside in a controlled manner. This controlled subsidence is important for ground stability and safety. Why other options are incorrect: Primary Stoping: This is a method of underground mining typically used in steeply dipping orebodies, not related to room and pillar techniques. Forward Mining: This involves mining in a continuous advance, typically without leaving pillars for later extraction. It's opposite to retreat mining. Sublevel Mining: This method involves creating a series of horizontal sublevels in an orebody, it does not involve the room and pillar layout and pillar extraction characteristic of this question.
192:
B
Solution: Blasting pattern design involves planning hole spacing and charge size.The correct answer is: Blasting pattern designControls fragmentation size, safety, and wall stability.Essential for production and development blasts.
193:
B
Solution: Cut and fill mining allows selective extraction and backfilling.The correct answer is: Cut and fillMinimizes mixing of ore and waste.Ideal for narrow, irregular ore bodies.
194:
C
Solution: Shaft stations are horizontal access points from vertical shafts.The correct answer is: A level access point from a shaftUsed for loading, unloading, and level transitions.Usually reinforced and well-lit for safety.
195:
A
Solution: Checkerboard patterns are typical in room and pillar layouts.The correct answer is: CheckerboardEnsures structural support and access throughout the mine.Optimizes ore recovery and ventilation.
196:
C
Solution: Ore dilution is related to ore mixing, not a direct shaft hazard.The correct answer is: Ore dilutionShaft hazards include falling rock, water inflow, and gas.Proper lining and ventilation reduce risks.
197:
D
Solution: Longwall mining uses shearers and roof supports for continuous operation.The correct answer is: Longwall miningPrimarily used in coal mining.High productivity and automation.
198:
B
Solution: Mucking units load and transport broken rock or ore.The correct answer is: Ore transportIncludes LHDs, loaders, or conveyors.Critical for efficient stope clearing.
199:
C
Solution: Reamer head is attached after a pilot hole is drilled.The correct answer is: Enlarge pilot holesRotates from bottom to top, enlarging the raise.Produces smooth, stable openings for ventilation or ore movement.
200:
C
Solution: Overbreak is unintended excavation beyond the desired perimeter.The correct answer is: Rock breaking beyond design limitCauses extra ground support cost and volume loss.Controlled with precise blasting.
201:
B
Solution: Hybrid support combines surface reinforcement and internal support.The correct answer is: Hybrid supportMesh holds loose blocks while shotcrete provides surface sealing.Used in weak or fractured ground.
202:
D
Solution: Block caving depends on undercutting the base of the ore body.The correct answer is: Controlled excavation at baseOnce support is removed, the overlying rock caves under gravity.Requires strong geotechnical planning.
203:
C
Solution: RMR (Rock Mass Rating) classifies rock quality for engineering purposes.The correct answer is: Rock Mass RatingConsiders UCS, RQD, joint spacing, condition, and groundwater.Helps in support design and stability analysis.
204:
C
Solution: Room and pillar allows for flexible layout and safe conditions.The correct answer is: Simultaneous development and productionPillars are left to support the roof, while ore is extracted in rooms.Efficient in flat-lying deposits.
205:
A
Solution: Mucking refers to removing blasted rock (muck) from the working face.The correct answer is: MuckingDone using LHDs, scrapers, or manual tools.Prepares area for next cycle.
206:
C
Solution: Refuge bays are built for miner safety in emergencies like fires or gas leaks.The correct answer is: Safe shelter during emergenciesEquipped with air, water, communication, and supplies.Required by mine safety regulations.
207:
C
Solution: Sublevel stoping requires strong surrounding rock to maintain stope integrity.The correct answer is: Sublevel stopingIn soft ground, collapse risk is high.Cut and fill would be more appropriate.
208:
C
Solution: Crosscut is a horizontal tunnel driven across strata to reach the ore.The correct answer is: CrosscutIt connects the shaft or ramp to the ore body.Essential in layout planning.
209:
C
Solution: Mechanized raise mining like raise boring or Alimak reduces manual work.The correct answer is: Faster and safer excavationMinimizes worker exposure to unsupported ground.Higher precision and speed than conventional methods.
210:
B
Solution: Backfill supports the stope roof and walls.The correct answer is: Cemented tailingsProvides structural strength and allows safe mining above.Also reduces surface tailings.
211:
D
Solution: Drift is a horizontal tunnel driven along the vein.The correct answer is: DriftUsed for exploration, ore access, and transportation.Crosscuts go across strata to reach ore.
212:
D
Solution: Ore pass is a vertical or inclined opening for gravity ore transfer.The correct answer is: Ore passCommonly used with chutes or grizzlies.Reduces hauling distance and energy cost.
213:
B
Solution: Sublevel stoping uses longhole drilling between sublevels.The correct answer is: Sublevel stopingOre is blasted and collected below.Works well in competent rock.
214:
C
Solution: Rockbursts are violent rock failures due to stress release.The correct answer is: High in-situ stressOccurs at deep levels where stress builds up.May cause sudden collapse or ejection of rock.
215:
D
Solution: Hoists are winches that move skips, cages, and loads in shafts.The correct answer is: Material and ore liftingEssential for vertical transport in deep mines.Drum or friction hoists are commonly used.
216:
A
Solution: Longwall mining uses mechanized shearers and self-advancing supports.The correct answer is: Longwall miningHighly automated, especially in coal mining.Controlled from surface or control rooms.
217:
C
Solution: Access design depends on operational economics.The correct answer is: Depth and production rateShafts are better for deep, high-production mines.Ramps are economical for shallow or selective mining.
218:
C
Solution: Definition of Mine Development: Mine development refers to the set of activities undertaken to prepare a mineral deposit for production. It involves the construction of shafts, adits, declines, drifts, crosscuts, and other underground or surface infrastructure required to reach and access the ore body. This phase comes after exploration and before the actual extraction of ore. Correct Answer: Option C: Accessing ore body The primary purpose of mine development is to access the ore body so that it can later be extracted efficiently and safely. Development creates the physical infrastructure that allows workers, equipment, ventilation, and materials to reach the ore. Without proper development, mining cannot begin. Key components of mine development include: • Shafts – Vertical openings used for transporting miners, equipment, and ore. • Declines or ramps – Inclined tunnels that provide vehicle access between levels. • Drifts and crosscuts – Horizontal passages used to reach the ore body and provide pathways for ventilation, drainage, and utilities. All these elements are essential for setting up the operational framework of a mine, making ore accessible for subsequent extraction. Explanation of Other Options: Option A: Extraction of ore Extraction is the next stage after development . While development may involve limited ore removal, its main goal is not extraction but preparation. Option B: Ventilation planning Ventilation is an important part of mine design but is not the primary goal of development. It is planned as part of the overall infrastructure to support access and safe working conditions. Option D: Waste disposal Waste disposal is a part of mine operations and environmental management. It is not a core function of development itself, though development work may include access to waste storage areas. Conclusion: The correct answer is Option C: Accessing ore body , as mine development is fundamentally aimed at creating the necessary infrastructure to reach and prepare the ore body for mining operations.
219:
B
Solution: Definition of Adit: An adit is a nearly horizontal or gently inclined tunnel driven from the surface into the side of a hill or mountain to access an underground mineral deposit. Unlike vertical shafts, adits provide direct access from the surface without the need for hoisting systems. They are commonly used when the ore body is located in hilly or mountainous terrain and can be reached by tunneling into the hillside. Correct Answer: Option B: Adit The correct answer is Option B: Adit because an adit is specifically defined as a horizontal or slightly inclined opening driven from the surface to access a mineral deposit. Adits are used for multiple purposes such as providing access for miners and equipment, enabling natural drainage of water from the mine, and serving as entry points for ventilation. Adits are cost-effective in suitable topographies because they eliminate the need for vertical hoisting and can also be used for transporting ore and waste using rail or conveyor systems. They are particularly common in underground mining operations where the ore body is close to the surface but located within a hillside. Explanation of Other Options: Option A: Shaft A shaft is a vertical or near-vertical opening driven downward from the surface to access underground ore bodies. It is not horizontal, so it does not match the description in the question. Option C: Stope A stope is the excavated area where ore is actually mined , typically located underground. It is not an access tunnel and is not driven from the surface. Option D: Raise A raise is a vertical or inclined opening driven upward from a lower level to a higher level in the mine. It is the opposite of a shaft and is also not driven from the surface. Conclusion: Therefore, the correct answer is Option B: Adit , as it is the only option that accurately describes a horizontal opening driven from the surface to access a mineral deposit.
220:
B
Solution: Definition of Cut and Fill Mining: Cut and Fill is an underground mining method used primarily in steeply dipping, irregular ore bodies. In this method, the ore is extracted in horizontal slices , usually starting from the bottom of the ore body. After each slice is removed, the void is filled with waste rock, tailings, or other backfill material to provide ground support and a working platform for the next slice. Correct Answer: Option B: Cut and Fill The correct answer is Option B: Cut and Fill because this method involves the extraction of ore in horizontal slices from the bottom upward . Once a horizontal layer or "cut" of ore is removed, the resulting space is immediately backfilled to maintain stability. Then the next slice is mined on top of the backfilled material. This sequence is repeated until the entire ore body is mined. This method is particularly suitable for ore bodies that are irregular in shape or structure and where selective mining is required. It provides excellent control over ore recovery and dilution and ensures worker safety by maintaining continuous ground support. Explanation of Other Options: Option A: Room and Pillar Room and Pillar involves mining out "rooms" of ore while leaving "pillars" to support the roof. It is typically done in flat or gently dipping deposits and does not proceed in horizontal slices from the bottom upward. Option C: Block Caving Block Caving is a mass mining method where a large section of ore is undercut and allowed to collapse under its own weight. It is not performed in horizontal slices, nor does it progress upward in a controlled slicing manner. Option D: Shrinkage Stoping Shrinkage Stoping involves mining upwards in vertical stopes and temporarily storing broken ore in the stope to provide a working platform. Although it moves upward, it does not use horizontal slicing and backfilling like cut and fill. Conclusion: Therefore, the correct answer is Option B: Cut and Fill , as it is the mining method that involves extracting ore in horizontal slices starting from the bottom and advancing upwards, with each slice being backfilled to support the subsequent operations.
221:
A
Solution: Underground Mining Methods: Underground mining methods are employed when mineral deposits are located deep beneath the surface, making surface mining impractical or impossible. These methods involve excavating ore bodies from within the earth, requiring extensive underground infrastructure and specialized techniques. Open-Pit Mining: Open-pit mining, also known as open-cast mining, is a surface mining technique where a large pit is excavated to access mineral deposits near the surface. This method is the opposite of underground mining. Shrinkage Stoping, Sublevel Stoping, and Cut and Fill: Shrinkage stoping, sublevel stoping, and cut and fill are all underground mining methods . They involve various techniques to extract ore from underground, including creating openings within the orebody and supporting the surrounding rock. Correct Answer: A The correct answer is Option A: Open-pit mining because it is explicitly a surface mining method, not an underground method. The other options (shrinkage stoping, sublevel stoping, and cut and fill) are all established underground mining techniques.
222:
B
Solution: A vertical or near-vertical excavation used for transportation of men and material is called: Option B: Shaft First, let's define the terms involved: Shaft: A deep, vertical, or near-vertical excavation in the earth, usually cylindrical in shape, used for transporting personnel, materials, and equipment between the surface and underground workings of a mine. Drift: A nearly horizontal passageway or tunnel in a mine, usually driven from a shaft or another drift. Crosscut: A horizontal or nearly horizontal passageway in a mine that intersects other workings (like drifts or veins) at an angle, usually connecting them. Raise: An inclined or vertical passage driven upwards from a lower level to a higher level in a mine. It is often used for ore extraction, ventilation, or access. The question asks for the term describing a vertical or near-vertical excavation used for transportation. A shaft precisely fits this description. Shafts are specifically designed and constructed for vertical transportation, incorporating features like hoisting systems for efficient movement of people and materials. Drifts, crosscuts, and raises are all underground passages, but they are not primarily vertical and are not designed for the main transportation of personnel and materials in the same way a shaft is. Therefore, options A, C, and D are incorrect.
223:
B
Solution: Low-grade ore body: An ore body with a relatively low concentration of valuable minerals. This means that a large volume of rock must be mined to extract a worthwhile amount of valuable material. Large-scale ore body: A very extensive ore deposit, implying significant size and volume. Now, let's analyze why Block Caving is the most suitable method: Block Caving is a bulk mining method designed for large, low-grade ore bodies. It involves creating an undercut at the bottom of the ore body to initiate a controlled collapse of the ore. The broken ore then flows downwards through draw points, where it is collected and transported to the surface. This method is highly efficient for low-grade ores because it allows for the extraction of large volumes of material at a relatively low cost per ton. The scale of operation is ideally suited to the vast size of large ore bodies. Why other options are less suitable: Shrinkage Stoping: This method is suitable for steeply dipping, high-grade ore bodies. It involves mining in a series of levels and filling the stopes (excavations) with broken ore. This makes it unsuitable for low-grade deposits, where the dilution of ore with waste rock would reduce profitability. Room and Pillar: This method involves creating rooms separated by pillars of ore. It’s more suitable for relatively flat-lying, tabular ore bodies. While it can handle some scale, it's not as efficient for the extreme volumes found in large, low-grade deposits. The percentage of ore left in pillars as support reduces overall extraction. Cut and Fill: This method involves mining in horizontal slices, with waste rock used to create fill. While it can be used for steeply dipping ore bodies, it's generally not economically viable for extremely large, low-grade deposits due to higher costs associated with the filling process. In summary, Block Caving is the most efficient and economical method for extracting valuable minerals from large, low-grade ore bodies due to its bulk mining nature and high extraction rate.
224:
C
Solution: Definition of Raise: A raise in mining is a vertical or steeply inclined underground opening that is driven upward from a lower level to a higher level. It is commonly used to connect different levels of a mine, facilitate ventilation, provide ore transfer routes, or create access between working areas. Correct Answer: Option C: Upward from a lower level The correct answer is Option C: Upward from a lower level because a raise is specifically driven upward from an existing underground level . It is created by drilling and blasting upward through the rock, or using mechanical raise-boring methods. Raises are essential for a variety of functions in a mine, including: • Ventilation raises to circulate fresh air • Ore passes to transfer broken ore to lower levels • Manways to allow personnel movement between levels The construction of a raise requires careful planning and safety measures due to the challenges of working in an upward direction, including rock fall risk and ventilation constraints. Explanation of Other Options: Option A: Downward from the surface Driving downward from the surface creates a shaft , not a raise. Option B: Horizontal from shaft A horizontal opening driven from a shaft is called a drift or crosscut , not a raise. Option D: Vertical from adit An opening driven vertically from an adit would typically be a shaft or winze , depending on the direction, but it is not classified as a raise unless it is driven upward from a lower level. Conclusion: Therefore, the correct answer is Option C: Upward from a lower level , as this accurately describes the standard direction and purpose of driving a raise in underground mining operations.
225:
C
Solution: Definition of Room and Pillar Mining: Room and Pillar mining is an underground mining method used primarily for extracting flat or gently dipping, tabular ore bodies. In this method, "rooms" of ore are mined out while leaving behind "pillars" of unmined material to support the roof of the mine. The layout resembles a grid-like pattern of openings and pillars. Correct Answer: Option C: Room and Pillar The correct answer is Option C: Room and Pillar because this method is specifically designed for flat, tabular ore deposits . The geometry of the method allows for efficient ore recovery while maintaining structural integrity through the use of support pillars. Room and Pillar is commonly used in coal mining, as well as in deposits of potash, gypsum, and salt. The design of the pillars is based on rock mechanics principles to ensure they can support the overburden without collapsing. In some cases, after primary extraction, pillars may be partially or fully removed in a process called "pillar recovery" or "retreat mining." Explanation of Other Options: Option A: Shrinkage Stoping Shrinkage stoping is used for steeply dipping ore bodies, not flat ones. It involves mining upward and storing broken ore in the stope to provide a working platform. Option B: Block Caving Block caving is suitable for massive, lower-grade ore bodies that are mined by undercutting and allowing the rock to cave under gravity. It is not ideal for thin, flat deposits. Option D: Sublevel Caving Sublevel caving is used in steeply dipping ore bodies and involves controlled caving of both ore and waste. It is not optimal for flat, tabular deposits. Conclusion: Therefore, the correct answer is Option C: Room and Pillar , as it is the most suitable mining method for extracting ore from flat, tabular deposits while maintaining ground stability through the use of pillars.
226:
C
Solution: Decline ramp is an inclined tunnel used to access ore bodies.The correct answer is: Vehicle accessEnables use of trucks and mobile equipment.Economical up to moderate depths.
227:
B
Solution: Ore pass is a vertical or near-vertical raise for transferring ore.The correct answer is: Ore passUses gravity for material handling.Reduces haulage cycle time.
228:
D
Solution: Top slicing removes ore from top layers downward, leaving caved waste above.The correct answer is: Top slicingControlled collapse of overlying rock.Used in soft, weak ore bodies.
229:
C
Solution: Winze is a vertical or inclined connection between levels.The correct answer is: WinzeUsed for ore transfer or exploration.Other options are horizontal workings.
230:
B
Solution: Grizzly is a grate or screen at the top of an ore pass.The correct answer is: Filter oversized rocksPrevents oversized material from blocking ore flow.Often combined with a rock breaker.
231:
B
Solution: Shrinkage stoping leaves broken ore in place to support walls during mining.The correct answer is: Delayed ore recoveryOre is only removed after stope completion, delaying revenue.It's not ideal for high cash flow operations.
232:
D
Solution: Adit is a horizontal tunnel driven from the hillside.The correct answer is: AditIt provides easy and cost-effective access in mountainous areas.Also aids in drainage and early exploration.
233:
C
Solution: Top slicing removes horizontal ore slices from the top down.The correct answer is: Top slicingAfter each slice, caved waste fills the void.Used in weak ore and rock conditions.
234:
C
Solution: Muck bay is a widened section for temporary storage of blasted rock (muck).The correct answer is: Store blasted rockIt prevents production delays during loading cycles.Also used to ease traffic flow.
235:
B
Solution: Ore dilution is when waste rock is mixed with ore during extraction.The correct answer is: Entry of waste material during miningThis lowers the grade and increases processing cost.Minimizing dilution is key to profitability.
236:
C
Solution: Block caving is suited for massive ore bodies that can cave under gravity.The correct answer is: Block cavingIt's cost-effective for large, low-grade deposits.Requires significant initial development.
237:
B
Solution: Chute is a sloped passage for transferring broken ore from one level to another.The correct answer is: Loading ore into skipsOre passes are often connected to chutes for loading.Speeds up ore handling.
238:
C
Solution: Support resistance is the force support systems can withstand before yielding.The correct answer is: Capacity of support to resist deformationImportant for safety in weak or stressed ground.Measured in kN or tons.
239:
D
Solution: Cable bolting is a reinforcement technique using long steel cables.The correct answer is: Grouting pumpIt injects cementitious grout to bond the cable with rock.Ensures long-term ground stability.
240:
C
Solution: Raise ladders with platforms every few meters ensure safe access.The correct answer is: Ladderway with landingsRequired by safety regulations for emergency egress.Chains are unsafe
conveyors are for ore.
conveyors are for ore.
241:
D
Solution: Crosscut Definition: A crosscut, in the context of mine development, is a horizontal or nearly horizontal passageway driven from one mine workings to another, typically at right angles (or "crosses") to the main haulage ways or other drifts. It's not just any tunnel
it serves a specific purpose within the mine layout. Correct Answer: Option D: Connect drifts The primary function of a crosscut is to connect two or more separate drifts (or other mine workings). Drifts are essentially tunnels that follow a specific geological structure, like an ore body or a specific rock layer. Crosscuts are strategically placed to establish connections between these drifts, enabling various crucial operations. This connectivity is fundamental for multiple reasons, including: • Improved access: Connecting drifts allows easier and faster access to different parts of the mine, improving transportation of materials and personnel. • Enhanced ventilation: Crosscuts play a critical role in mine ventilation by providing alternate pathways for airflow, helping to dilute harmful gases and provide fresh air to various sections. • Support for other operations: Crosscuts can facilitate other operations, such as access for exploration or development of new sections, improved access for ground control measures, or providing multiple escape routes. Why other options are incorrect: Option A: Access ore body: While a crosscut *might* intersect an ore body, its primary purpose is not to directly access the ore. Access to the ore is usually achieved via drifts or other specific development workings designed to follow the ore's geological configuration. Crosscuts aid in access indirectly by connecting these ore-accessing drifts. Option B: Drain water: Water drainage in mines is typically handled by dedicated systems like sumps, pumps, and drainage galleries. Although a crosscut *could* incidentally aid in water drainage by providing an additional pathway, it is not its primary function. Option C: Provide ventilation: While crosscuts contribute to ventilation, as mentioned above, their main purpose is not solely to provide ventilation. Ventilation is usually a more complex system involving shafts, fans and dedicated ventilation pathways, which crosscuts support, but don't replace.
it serves a specific purpose within the mine layout. Correct Answer: Option D: Connect drifts The primary function of a crosscut is to connect two or more separate drifts (or other mine workings). Drifts are essentially tunnels that follow a specific geological structure, like an ore body or a specific rock layer. Crosscuts are strategically placed to establish connections between these drifts, enabling various crucial operations. This connectivity is fundamental for multiple reasons, including: • Improved access: Connecting drifts allows easier and faster access to different parts of the mine, improving transportation of materials and personnel. • Enhanced ventilation: Crosscuts play a critical role in mine ventilation by providing alternate pathways for airflow, helping to dilute harmful gases and provide fresh air to various sections. • Support for other operations: Crosscuts can facilitate other operations, such as access for exploration or development of new sections, improved access for ground control measures, or providing multiple escape routes. Why other options are incorrect: Option A: Access ore body: While a crosscut *might* intersect an ore body, its primary purpose is not to directly access the ore. Access to the ore is usually achieved via drifts or other specific development workings designed to follow the ore's geological configuration. Crosscuts aid in access indirectly by connecting these ore-accessing drifts. Option B: Drain water: Water drainage in mines is typically handled by dedicated systems like sumps, pumps, and drainage galleries. Although a crosscut *could* incidentally aid in water drainage by providing an additional pathway, it is not its primary function. Option C: Provide ventilation: While crosscuts contribute to ventilation, as mentioned above, their main purpose is not solely to provide ventilation. Ventilation is usually a more complex system involving shafts, fans and dedicated ventilation pathways, which crosscuts support, but don't replace.
242:
D
Solution: A decline in mining is an inclined tunnel driven from the surface into the mine. Declines are not exclusively used for a single purpose
they serve multiple functions in mine development. Option A: Drainage only is incorrect. While declines can be used for drainage, this is not their primary purpose. Drainage is often a secondary benefit, or a consideration in their design and placement. Option B: Hoisting ore is incorrect. While ore can *sometimes* be hoisted using a decline, it's far more common to use shafts or ramps for main ore hoisting because those structures can handle higher volumes and steeper angles efficiently. Declines are generally less efficient for large-scale ore transport. Option C: Surface ventilation is incorrect. Ventilation is crucial for mine safety, but declines aren't primarily designed for this purpose. Ventilation is usually achieved through a combination of shafts, raises, and other ventilation openings specifically designed to create airflow throughout the mine. Option D: Access by vehicles is the most accurate answer. Declines provide inclined access for vehicles (like trucks, loaders, or smaller personnel carriers) to transport personnel, equipment, and materials to and from the underground workings. This is their main function. The grade (slope) of the decline is designed to accommodate vehicles and their operational needs. A decline offers a more flexible and potentially less costly access solution compared to a vertical shaft which requires substantial infrastructure for hoisting and personnel transport.
they serve multiple functions in mine development. Option A: Drainage only is incorrect. While declines can be used for drainage, this is not their primary purpose. Drainage is often a secondary benefit, or a consideration in their design and placement. Option B: Hoisting ore is incorrect. While ore can *sometimes* be hoisted using a decline, it's far more common to use shafts or ramps for main ore hoisting because those structures can handle higher volumes and steeper angles efficiently. Declines are generally less efficient for large-scale ore transport. Option C: Surface ventilation is incorrect. Ventilation is crucial for mine safety, but declines aren't primarily designed for this purpose. Ventilation is usually achieved through a combination of shafts, raises, and other ventilation openings specifically designed to create airflow throughout the mine. Option D: Access by vehicles is the most accurate answer. Declines provide inclined access for vehicles (like trucks, loaders, or smaller personnel carriers) to transport personnel, equipment, and materials to and from the underground workings. This is their main function. The grade (slope) of the decline is designed to accommodate vehicles and their operational needs. A decline offers a more flexible and potentially less costly access solution compared to a vertical shaft which requires substantial infrastructure for hoisting and personnel transport.
243:
B
Solution: Vertical Crater Retreat (VCR) and Sublevel stoping differ in layout and fragmentation.The correct answer is: Orebody geometry and heightVCR is good for tall, steep bodies
sublevel stoping for medium height.Geometry directly affects method suitability.
sublevel stoping for medium height.Geometry directly affects method suitability.
244:
A
Solution: A box cut is Option A: Initial open cut to access underground ore First, let's define what a box cut is in the context of mining engineering. A box cut is a type of open-pit mining operation. It's an initial excavation, typically rectangular or square in shape, used to gain access to underground ore bodies. The purpose of a box cut is to provide a surface opening for further underground development. From this initial opening, various underground mining methods can be employed to extract the ore. This approach is particularly useful when the ore body is situated beneath a layer of overburden (the layer of rock or soil above the ore deposit) that needs to be removed before underground workings can commence. Why other options are incorrect: Option B: A stoping method is incorrect. Stoping refers to a variety of underground mining methods where ore is extracted from a stope (an underground excavation). A box cut is not a stoping method itself
rather, it is a pre-requisite for accessing the underground area where stoping might later be used. Option C: A rock bolting technique is incorrect. Rock bolting is a ground support method used to reinforce and stabilize underground excavations. It's a separate technique used *after* access to the underground area has been established (e.g., via a box cut), not the access method itself. Option D: An ore pass support is incorrect. An ore pass is a chute or passageway used to transport ore from underground workings to the surface. Again, this is a feature of the underground mine *after* access has been gained
it is not the initial access method.
rather, it is a pre-requisite for accessing the underground area where stoping might later be used. Option C: A rock bolting technique is incorrect. Rock bolting is a ground support method used to reinforce and stabilize underground excavations. It's a separate technique used *after* access to the underground area has been established (e.g., via a box cut), not the access method itself. Option D: An ore pass support is incorrect. An ore pass is a chute or passageway used to transport ore from underground workings to the surface. Again, this is a feature of the underground mine *after* access has been gained
it is not the initial access method.
245:
C
Solution: Jumbo drill is a mechanized drilling machine for tunnel and drift development.The correct answer is: Jumbo drillIt ensures precision drilling of blast holes in hard rock.Draglines are for surface mining
dredgers for marine mining.
dredgers for marine mining.
246:
C
Solution: Adit is a horizontal or nearly horizontal passage driven from the surface.The correct answer is: AditUsed for access, drainage, and ventilation.Shafts are vertical
raises and winzes are internal vertical workings.
raises and winzes are internal vertical workings.
247:
C
Solution: Ore body depth strongly influences the choice between shaft and decline.The correct answer is: Depth of ore bodyDeclines are economical up to 1 km
deeper mines prefer shafts.Shafts are faster for vertical transport at depth.
deeper mines prefer shafts.Shafts are faster for vertical transport at depth.
248:
B
Solution: Drift is a horizontal tunnel following the vein or used for transport.The correct answer is: DriftIt connects levels, loading points, and ore passes.Vent raises serve airflow
winzes are vertical.
winzes are vertical.
249:
C
Solution: Winze is a vertical or inclined shaft sunk from underground.The correct answer is: WinzeIt connects lower levels and is not visible from the surface (hence blind).Raise goes upward
adit is horizontal from surface.
adit is horizontal from surface.
250:
C
Solution: Water sprays are used to suppress dust at sources.The correct answer is: Water spraysThey reduce airborne particles during drilling, blasting, and loading.Rock bolts and shotcrete stabilize rock
conveyors transport ore.
conveyors transport ore.
251:
A
Solution: Raise can serve as a ventilation pathway.The correct answer is: RaiseIt connects lower and upper levels, allowing air circulation.Winze is vertical but driven downward
crosscut connects levels
adit is surface entry.
crosscut connects levels
adit is surface entry.
252:
C
Solution: Decline or ramp is an inclined tunnel used for vehicle access.The correct answer is: DeclineUsed for transporting equipment, ore, and personnel.Shafts are vertical
raises go upward
drifts are horizontal.
raises go upward
drifts are horizontal.
253:
C
Solution: TBMs are used for rapid, smooth excavation of horizontal tunnels.The correct answer is: Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)Common in civil and some mining projects.Efficient but costly
suited for long, straight tunnels.
suited for long, straight tunnels.
254:
C
Solution: strong>Shaft sinking is the process of creating a vertical or inclined opening in the ground, typically for mining purposes. The question asks about the major challenge in shaft sinking specifically in water-bearing strata . Water-bearing strata refers to geological layers of rock or soil that contain significant amounts of groundwater. Option C: Water inflow and pressure is the correct answer. In water-bearing strata, the primary challenge during shaft sinking is the substantial inflow of water under pressure. This water can significantly hinder the sinking process in several ways: * It can destabilize the shaft walls, leading to collapses. * It can create difficulties in excavation and the removal of excavated material. * It requires specialized and expensive equipment and methods for water control (e.g., freezing, grouting, compressed air). * It poses significant safety risks to the workers. Option A: Hard rock cutting is a challenge in shaft sinking, but it is not the *major* challenge in water-bearing strata. Hard rock presents difficulties in excavation, but it doesn't present the same level of immediate danger and operational disruption as a high-pressure water inflow. Option B: Air quality control is important for worker safety in any underground mining operation, but it's not the *primary* problem associated with water-bearing strata. While managing dust and ventilation is crucial, water inflow presents a more direct and potentially catastrophic risk. Option D: Crew safety training is essential for all mining operations, including shaft sinking. However, it's not a *challenge* inherent to water-bearing strata itself
rather, it's a crucial element in mitigating the challenges posed by water inflow (and other hazards). Water inflow presents the inherent geological and engineering challenge.
rather, it's a crucial element in mitigating the challenges posed by water inflow (and other hazards). Water inflow presents the inherent geological and engineering challenge.